Bandura - Developmental area

Question 1

What do we already know lot about through previous research?

Answer 1

Research has provided convincing evidence for the influence and control exerted by role models on the behaviours of others

Question 2

What was little known about though?

Answer 2

Little was known about how the behaviour displayed by a model might affect an individual in novel settings when the model is absent

Question 3

What did the research firstly do to gain more knowledge about something?

Answer 3

• Study exposed children to aggressive and non-aggressive adult models
• Then tested the amount of imitative learning demonstrated by the children in a new situation in the abscene of the model

Question 4

What is ‘Social learning theory’?

Answer 4

SLT explains behaviour in terms of a continuous interaction between cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences.

Question 5

According to SLT how are aggressive behaviours learned?

Answer 5

Aggressive behaviours are learned through reinforcement and the imitation of aggressive ‘models’

Question 6

What is imitation? Define

Answer 6

• Imitation is the reproduction of learning through observation (observational learning)
• involves observing other people who serve as models for behaviour

Question 7

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 7

Seeing others being rewarded for behaving aggressively i.e not punished

Question 8

What was the aim of the study?

Answer 8

The aim was to demonstrate that learning can occur through mere observation of a model and that imitation of learned behaviour can occur in the absence of that model

Question 9

What was the first hypothesis?

Answer 9

1) Children shown aggressive models will show significantly more imitative acts resembling those of their models than those shown non-aggressive or no models

Question 10

What was the second hypothesis?

Answer 10

2) Children shown non-aggressive, subdued models will show significantly less aggressive behaviour than those shown aggressive or no models

Question 11

What was the third hypothesis?

Answer 11

3) Boys will show significantly more imitative aggression than girls

Question 12

What is the final hypothesis?

Answer 12

4) Children will imitate same-sex model behaviour to a greater degree than opposite-sex behaviour

Question 13

What experimental method was used?

Answer 13

Laboratory experiment

Question 14

What was the experimental design?

Answer 14

• Independent measures design

- Matched pairs design (matched on their pre-existing aggressiveness levels)

Question 15

How were participants matched?

Answer 15

Matched through a procedure which pre-rated them for aggressiveness

Question 16

How were the children rated?

Answer 16

• They were rated on four, five-point rating scales
• Rated by the experimenter and nursery schoolteacher
• Both of them were well acquainted with the children

Question 17

What did the scales measure?

Answer 17

The scales measured the extent to which participants displayed physical aggression, verbal aggression towards inanimate objects, and aggressive inhibition

Question 18

What is aggressive inhibition?

Answer 18

Ability to control anger

Question 19

How were the participants arranged after the scores?

Answer 19

• Participants were arranged in triplets

- Randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups or the control groups

Question 20

What were the four possible experimental conditions? (+ control)

Answer 20

• boy + male aggressive/non-aggressive model
• girl + male aggressive/non-aggressive model
• boy + female aggressive/non-aggressive model
• girl + female aggressive/non-aggressive model

control group (no model)

Question 21

First IV?

Answer 21

Whether the child witnessed an aggressive or a non-aggressive adult model in the first phase of the experiment (c group not exposed to an adult model)

Question 22

Second IV?

Answer 22

The sex of the model (male or female)

Question 23

Third IV?

Answer 23

The sex of the child (boy or girl)

Question 24

DV?

Answer 24

• Amount of imitative behaviour and aggression shown by the child in phase three
• Measured by the model
• Sometimes a second researcher observing each child through a one-way mirror noting down at 5 sec intervals
• Displays of imitative aggressive responses, partially imitative responses and or non-aggressive responses

Question 25

How many children were there?

Answer 25

72 children

Question 26

How many girls/boys?

Answer 26

• Equal

- 36 to 36

Question 27

Where was the study conducted?

Answer 27

Stanford Uiversity Nursery School

Question 28

What technique was used?

Answer 28

Opportunity sampling

Question 29

Where were children in the experimental condition taken?

Answer 29

Children were taken into room one

Question 30

What did they do in room one?

Answer 30

Children sat at a table to play with potato prints and picture stickers for 10 minutes

Question 31

What did the aggressive model do in the phase one?

Answer 31

• Began assembling a tinker toy set for one minute
• Then, turned to a Bobo doll and spent the remainder of the period physically and verbally aggressing it using a standard procedure

Question 32

What did the non-aggressive model do?

Answer 32

• The non-aggressive model assembled the tinkey toys
• They assembled it in a quiet, subdued manner
• They ignored the Bobo doll

Question 33

Did the control group participate in phase one?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

Why were the children taken to another room after phase one?

Answer 34

They were taken into an anteroom to be subjected to mild aggression arousal

Question 35

What happened initally and then what did the experimenter do/say?

Answer 35

• They were allowed to play with some very attractive toys
• After two minutes the experimenter took the toys saying they were reserved for other children
• They could play with any of the toys in the next room

Question 36

Where were the children taken the afterwards

Answer 36

Taken into a third room which contained both aggressive and non-aggressive toys

Question 37

Examples of the aggressive toys?

Answer 37

• 3ft high Bobo doll
• Mallet
• Dart guns

Question 38

Examples of non-aggressive toys?

Answer 38

• Tea set
• Cars
• Dolls

Question 39

How were the children observed?

Answer 39

• One way mirror for 20 mins
• Observers recorded behaviour
• Inter-scorer reliabilities of 0.90 product-moment coefficients

Question 40

What were the behavioural catergories?

Answer 40

• Imitative aggression (physical, verbal and non-aggressive speech)
• Partially imitative aggression
• Non-imitative physical and verbal aggression
• Non-aggressive behaviour

Question 41

Give one result for children in the aggressive group from this study

Answer 41

Children in the aggressive condition showed significantly more imitation of physical and verbal aggressive behaviour and non-aggressive verbal responses than children in the non-aggressive or control conditions

Question 42

Did children in the non-aggressive group show aggression?

Answer 42

• Children in the non-aggressive condition showed very little aggression
• Results were not always significantly less than the control group

Question 43

What did the results show when there was a male model?

Answer 43

The behaviour of the male model exerted greater influence than the female model

Question 44

What did this study show about children?

Answer 44

Children will imitate aggressive/non-aggressive behaviours displayed by adult models, even if the model is not present

Question 45

Do children learn through observation?

Answer 45

Children can learn through observation and imitation

Question 46

What is the effect of male adults on behaviour?

Answer 46

• Behaviour modelled by male adults has a greater influence on children’s behaviour
• Compared to behaviour modelled by a female adult

Question 47

How are boys and girls likely to learn verbal aggression

Answer 47

Boys and girls are likely to learn verbal aggression from a same-sex adult