Bandura - Developmental area Flashcards

1
Q

What do we already know lot about through previous research?

A

Research has provided convincing evidence for the influence and control exerted by role models on the behaviours of others

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2
Q

What was little known about though?

A

Little was known about how the behaviour displayed by a model might affect an individual in novel settings when the model is absent

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3
Q

What did the research firstly do to gain more knowledge about something?

A
  • Study exposed children to aggressive and non-aggressive adult models
  • Then tested the amount of imitative learning demonstrated by the children in a new situation in the abscene of the model
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4
Q

What is ‘Social learning theory’?

A

SLT explains behaviour in terms of a continuous interaction between cognitive, behavioural and environmental influences.

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5
Q

According to SLT how are aggressive behaviours learned?

A

Aggressive behaviours are learned through reinforcement and the imitation of aggressive ‘models’

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6
Q

What is imitation? Define

A
  • Imitation is the reproduction of learning through observation (observational learning)
  • involves observing other people who serve as models for behaviour
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7
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Seeing others being rewarded for behaving aggressively i.e not punished

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8
Q

What was the aim of the study?

A

The aim was to demonstrate that learning can occur through mere observation of a model and that imitation of learned behaviour can occur in the absence of that model

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9
Q

What was the first hypothesis?

A

1) Children shown aggressive models will show significantly more imitative acts resembling those of their models than those shown non-aggressive or no models

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10
Q

What was the second hypothesis?

A

2) Children shown non-aggressive, subdued models will show significantly less aggressive behaviour than those shown aggressive or no models

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11
Q

What was the third hypothesis?

A

3) Boys will show significantly more imitative aggression than girls

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12
Q

What is the final hypothesis?

A

4) Children will imitate same-sex model behaviour to a greater degree than opposite-sex behaviour

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13
Q

What experimental method was used?

A

Laboratory experiment

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14
Q

What was the experimental design?

A
  • Independent measures design

- Matched pairs design (matched on their pre-existing aggressiveness levels)

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15
Q

How were participants matched?

A

Matched through a procedure which pre-rated them for aggressiveness

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16
Q

How were the children rated?

A
  • They were rated on four, five-point rating scales
  • Rated by the experimenter and nursery schoolteacher
  • Both of them were well acquainted with the children
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17
Q

What did the scales measure?

A

The scales measured the extent to which participants displayed physical aggression, verbal aggression towards inanimate objects, and aggressive inhibition

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18
Q

What is aggressive inhibition?

A

Ability to control anger

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19
Q

How were the participants arranged after the scores?

A
  • Participants were arranged in triplets

- Randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups or the control groups

20
Q

What were the four possible experimental conditions? (+ control)

A
  • boy + male aggressive/non-aggressive model
  • girl + male aggressive/non-aggressive model
  • boy + female aggressive/non-aggressive model
  • girl + female aggressive/non-aggressive model

control group (no model)

21
Q

First IV?

A

Whether the child witnessed an aggressive or a non-aggressive adult model in the first phase of the experiment (c group not exposed to an adult model)

22
Q

Second IV?

A

The sex of the model (male or female)

23
Q

Third IV?

A

The sex of the child (boy or girl)

24
Q

DV?

A
  • Amount of imitative behaviour and aggression shown by the child in phase three
  • Measured by the model
  • Sometimes a second researcher observing each child through a one-way mirror noting down at 5 sec intervals
  • Displays of imitative aggressive responses, partially imitative responses and or non-aggressive responses
25
How many children were there?
72 children
26
How many girls/boys?
- Equal | - 36 to 36
27
Where was the study conducted?
Stanford Uiversity Nursery School
28
What technique was used?
Opportunity sampling
29
Where were children in the experimental condition taken?
Children were taken into room one
30
What did they do in room one?
Children sat at a table to play with potato prints and picture stickers for 10 minutes
31
What did the aggressive model do in the phase one?
- Began assembling a tinker toy set for one minute - Then, turned to a Bobo doll and spent the remainder of the period physically and verbally aggressing it using a standard procedure
32
What did the non-aggressive model do?
- The non-aggressive model assembled the tinkey toys - They assembled it in a quiet, subdued manner - They ignored the Bobo doll
33
Did the control group participate in phase one?
No
34
Why were the children taken to another room after phase one?
They were taken into an anteroom to be subjected to mild aggression arousal
35
What happened initally and then what did the experimenter do/say?
- They were allowed to play with some very attractive toys - After two minutes the experimenter took the toys saying they were reserved for other children - They could play with any of the toys in the next room
36
Where were the children taken the afterwards
Taken into a third room which contained both aggressive and non-aggressive toys
37
Examples of the aggressive toys?
- 3ft high Bobo doll - Mallet - Dart guns
38
Examples of non-aggressive toys?
- Tea set - Cars - Dolls
39
How were the children observed?
- One way mirror for 20 mins - Observers recorded behaviour - Inter-scorer reliabilities of 0.90 product-moment coefficients
40
What were the behavioural catergories?
- Imitative aggression (physical, verbal and non-aggressive speech) - Partially imitative aggression - Non-imitative physical and verbal aggression - Non-aggressive behaviour
41
Give one result for children in the aggressive group from this study
Children in the aggressive condition showed significantly more imitation of physical and verbal aggressive behaviour and non-aggressive verbal responses than children in the non-aggressive or control conditions
42
Did children in the non-aggressive group show aggression?
- Children in the non-aggressive condition showed very little aggression - Results were not always significantly less than the control group
43
What did the results show when there was a male model?
The behaviour of the male model exerted greater influence than the female model
44
What did this study show about children?
Children will imitate aggressive/non-aggressive behaviours displayed by adult models, even if the model is not present
45
Do children learn through observation?
Children can learn through observation and imitation
46
What is the effect of male adults on behaviour?
- Behaviour modelled by male adults has a greater influence on children’s behaviour - Compared to behaviour modelled by a female adult
47
How are boys and girls likely to learn verbal aggression
Boys and girls are likely to learn verbal aggression from a same-sex adult