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Core studies > Bocchiaro - Social Area > Flashcards

Bocchiaro - Social Area Flashcards

1
Q

What is one option a person can make when they are ordered to obey unjust authority?

BACKGROUND

A
  • Disobey
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2
Q

What is the other option that involves reporting wrongdoing to higher authorities?

BACKGROUND

A
  • A phenomenon known as whistleblowing
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3
Q

Specifically, what three things were not known?

BACKGROUND

A
  • Who are the people that disobey or blow the whistle?
  • Why do they choose the challenging moral path?
  • Do they have personal characteristics that differentiate them from those who obey?
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4
Q

What is a paradigm? (2 Bps)

BACKGROUND

A
  • A model or pattern for doing something

- A set of standardised procedures to manipulate behaviour and observe the consequences

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5
Q

How was Milgram’s paradigm used in Bocchiaro’s study?

BACKGROUND

A

Authority figures requesting immoral actions of participants

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6
Q

What did Bocchiaro’s study aim/want to build on Milgram’s study? (2 BPs)

Option to take___
Gave them a chance to___

BACKGROUND

A
  • Wanted to provide participants the options to take personal action against an unjust system
  • Gave them the chance to obey, disobey or blow the whistle against authorities who encourage immoral behaviour
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7
Q

What is social power?

Influence on an individual

THEORIES

A

The influence an individual has to change another’s thoughts, feelings or behaviours.

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8
Q

How can social power be presented in society?

THEORIES

A

Individuals in authority, legitimate or illegitimate, have social power to influence those with lower social status within their social hierarchy

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9
Q

What does a human’s independent behaviour/defiance involve?

THEORIES

A

Involves the rejection of social influence/power to behave in accordance with one’s own internal attitudes, morals and beliefs

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10
Q

What experimental method was used? (3 BPs)

RESEARCH METHOD

A
  • Scenario study
  • Not a lab study since there was no IV
  • High levels of control - lab
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11
Q

Describe the study in 3 bullet point
What was it about?

What did it consist of?
What where the researcher’s wanting to see about P’s - Would they obey?
And/OR what would they do if they didn’t obey?

PROCEDURE

A
  • Consisted of describing hypothetical unethical study on sensory deprivation
  • Seeing whether P’s would obey a request to write a statement about another fellow student
  • Whether they would blow the whistle by filling in a form about the ethics of a study
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12
Q

What was the aim of Bocchiaro’s study

A

Aimed to replicate Milgram’s findings of a wide gap between people’s predictions of their own and others’ degree of (dis)obedience when contrasted with the actual behavioural outcomes in his experiment

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13
Q

What were the researchers also interested in? (2)
What did it lead them to collect?

AIM

A

The researchers were interested in understanding the Individual and situational nature of variations in (dis)obedience

It led them to collect a variety of personality and valuable information from their participants

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14
Q

How many participants were in the experimental condition? (2 BPs)

Give genders too

SAMPLE

A
  • 149 undergraduate students

- 96 women, 53 men

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15
Q

How many were removed from the study and why? (2 BPs)

SAMPLE

A
  • 11 removed

- suspicion

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16
Q

How many participants were in the comparison group?

SAMPLE

A

138

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17
Q

How many participants were in the pilot study?

SAMPLE

A

92

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18
Q

Where did the study take place?

SAMPLE

A

VU University, Amsterdam

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19
Q

What was the sampling technique used?

ST

A

Self-selected sample

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20
Q

How were participants recruited?

ST

A

Flyers were posted in the campus cafeteria

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21
Q

How much money would participants receive/anything else?

ST

A
  • 7 euros

- course credit

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22
Q

What was the purpose of the 8 pilot tests? (2 BPs)

PROCEDURE

A
  • to ensure the procedure was credible and morally acceptable
  • Served to standardise the experimenter-(authority) behaviour throughout the experimental period.
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23
Q

What was the comparison group given a detailed description of?

PROCEDURE

A

The experimental setting

24
Q

What questions were the comparison group asked? (2 BPs)

PROCEDURE

A
  • What would you do?

- What would the average student at your university do?

25
Q

How where participants in the experimental group greeted? (3 BPs)

PROCEDURE

A
  • Participants greeted by a male, Dutch experimenter
  • He was formally dressed
  • He had a stern demeanour/expression
26
Q

What did the experimenter request from participants?

PROCEDURE

A

A few names of fellow students

27
Q

What was the cover story about? (5 BPs)

PROCEDURE

A
  • Investigating effects of sensory deprivation on brain function
  • 6 P’s in Rome spent time isolated, couldn’t see, hear, bad effects
  • Cognitive abilities temporarily impaired
  • Visual and auditory hallucinations
  • 2 P’s wanted to stop but couldn’t as invalid data would be collected
28
Q

Why did experimenters want to replicate the study at VU University? (2 BPs)

PROCEDURE

A
  • No data on young people

- Some scientists thought that their brains may be more sensitive to negative effects of isolation

29
Q

What was the purpose of the University Research Committee? Why were they there? What were they doing? (3 BPs)

PROCEDURE

A
  • They were evaluating whether to approve of the study
  • They were taking feedback from students who knew details about experiment
  • Wanted students to help them make their decision
30
Q

What happened before the student was moved to the second room? (2 BPs)

PROCEDURE

A
  • Experimenter leaves room for 3 mins

- Allows P’s to reflect on the action-based decisions they were about to make

31
Q

What happened in the second room? (2 BPs)
Moved to where (equipment?)
What was also in the room? (equipment)

PROCEDURE

A
  • P’s moved to a second room with a computer for them to write the statement
  • There was a mailbox and the research committee forms
32
Q

How long did the experimenter leave the second room for?

PROCEDURE

A

7 minutes

33
Q

What were participants to do in the statement? (4 BPs)

PROCEDURE

A
  • Write a statement, convincing students they had indicated to participate in the experiment
  • P’s told to be enthusiastic
  • Must use two adjective from the list
  • Negative effects of sensory deprivation not to be mentioned
34
Q

What the adjectives in the list? (4 BPs)

PROCEDURE

A
  • exciting
  • superb
  • great
  • incredible
35
Q

What happened if P’s believed the research violated ethical norms?

PROCEDURE

A

he/she could anonymously challenge it by submitting a form in the mailbox

36
Q

What happened after the 7 minutes were up? (7 BPs)

PROCEDURE

A
  • Experimenter returned
  • Asked P back to the first room
  • P was administered two personality tests
  • HEXACO-PI-R and SVO
  • Probed for suspicion
  • Fully debriefed
  • Asked to sign a second consent form, this time fully informed (informed consent)
37
Q

How long did the session last?

PROCEDURE

A
  • 40 minutes
38
Q

How many believed they would obey the experimenter? (%)

COMPARISON GROUP RESULTS

A
  • 3.6 %
39
Q

How many believed they would disobey? (%)

COMPARISON GROUP RESULTS

A
  • 31.9%
40
Q

How many believed they would whistleblow? (%)

COMPARISON GROUP RESULTS

A
  • 64.5%
41
Q

How many people thought VU students would obey? (%)

OTHER VU STUDENT PREDICTION RESULTS

A
  • 18.8%
42
Q

How many people thought that VU students would disobey? (%)

COMPARISON GROUP ABT OTHER VU STUDENT PREDICTION RESULTS

A
  • 43.9 %
43
Q

How many people thought that VU students would whistleblow? (%)

OTHER VU STUDENT RESULTS

A
  • 37.3%
44
Q

How many people obeyed? (% + No.)

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A
  • 76.5%

- 114 P’s

45
Q

How many people disobeyed? (% + No.)

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A
  • 14.1%

- 21 P’s

46
Q

How many people whistleblew? (% + No.)

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A
  • 9.4%

- 14 P’s

47
Q

How many whistleblowers were anon whistleblowers and wrote a letter? (% + No.)

EXPERIMENTAL RESULRS

A
  • 6%

- 9 participants

48
Q

How many were open whistleblowers? (% + NO.)

A
  • 3.4%

- 5 participants

49
Q

Were there any significant differences found in regard to gender, religious affiliation?

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A
  • No significant differences
50
Q

Were there any significant differences in regard to faith? (2 BPs)

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A
  • Yes

- Those who had a confident belief in a transcendent reality

51
Q

Where there any statistical significance in personality factors?

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

A

No

52
Q

Give two QUAL data quotes + REASON (3 Bps)

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS - Obeyed

A

‘It was expected of me, that’s why i continued’

‘I cooperated because the experimenter asked me to’

They had entered an agentic state and they did not feel responsible for their behaviour

53
Q

Give two QUAL results

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS - disobeyed

A
  • I don’t want to do unethical things

- I would be very disappointed in myself

54
Q

Do people obey authority figures, despite if the authority is unjust? (2 BPS)

CONCLUSIONS

A
  • Yes

- People tend to obey authority figures, even if the authority is unjust

55
Q

Do poeple believe they will act in a different way in a given situation? (2 BP)

CONCLUSIONS

A
  • Yes

- How people think/what people say and others will do in a given situation often differs from what actually happens

56
Q

Is behaving in a moral manner challenging?

CONCLUSIONS

A

Behaving in a moral manner is challenging for people, even when the reaction appears to observers as the simplest path to follow

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