Case 12 SBA Flashcards
Name the layers of the anterior abdominal wall
Skin
Camper’s fascia
Scarpa’s fascia
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus
Transversalis fascia
Extraperitoneal fat
Parietal peritoneum
Origin of external oblique muscles
Muscular slips from outer surfaces of lower eight ribs
Insertions of external oblique muscles
Lateral lip of iliac crest
Aponeurosis ending in midline raphe
Direction of external oblique muscles
Down and out, hands in pockets
Origin of internal oblique muscles (TIL)
Thoracolumbar fascia
Iliac crest between origins of external and transversus
Lateral two-thirds on inguinal ligament
Insertion of internal oblique muscles
Inferior border of lower three or four ribs
Aponeurosis ending in lines alba
Pubic crest and pectineal line
Direction of internal oblique muscles
Diagonally up and in, hands on heart
Transversus abdominus origin
Thoracolumbar fascia
Medial lip of iliac crest
Lateral one-third of inguinal ligament
Costal cartilages of lower six ribs
Insertion of transversus abdominus
Aponeurosis ending in linea alba
Pubic crest and pectineal line
Direction transversus abdominus
Horizontal
Rectus sheath
Covering which encloses the rectus abdominus muscle and the pyramidalis muscle
What forms the rectus sheath?
Aponeuroses external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominus
Linea alba
Midline where rectus sheath fuses
Linea semilunaris
Lateral edge of rectus sheath on each side
Anterior portion of superior rectus sheath
Aponeuroses of external oblique and half of internal oblique
Posterior portion of superior rectus sheath
Aponeuroses of half of internal oblique and transversus abdominus
Anterior portion inferior rectus sheath
Aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus
Posterior portion inferior rectus sheath
None as in direct contact with transversalis fasci
Tendinous intersection
Fibrous bands separating rectus abdominus muscle
Arcuate line
5-6cm below umbilicus
Posterior wall of rectus sheath finishes
What is a hernia?
Protrusion of an organ or tissue through its covering into an abnormal position outside its normal compartment
What causes hernias?
Weak muscle/surrounding tissue
Increased intra-abdominal pressure
Reducible hernia
Can be pushed back into place
Incarcerated hernia
Unable to be pushed back to original place
Obstructed hernia
Contents compacted
Lumen not patent
Strangulated hernia
Squeezing causes ischaemia due to lack of blood flow
Where does a spigelian hernia occcur?
Linea semilunaris, around the level of the arcuate line
Describe presentation and risk of spigelian hernia
Small tender mass at lower lateral edge of the rectus abdominus
High risk of strangulation
Location of epigastric hernia
Midline between xiphoid process and umbilicus
What causes epigastric hernia?
Defect in linea alba
What is omphalocele?
Defect in abdominal wall
Infantile omphalocele
Prematurity
Adult omphalocele
Pregnancy, obesity, ascites
Paraumbilical hernia
Central swelling above or below umbilicus
Associations with paraumbilical hernias
Adults
Women
Obesity
Weak abdominal muscles
What can the sac contain in paraumbilical hernias?
Bowel and omentum
Where is the inguinal ligament?
From ASIS to pubic tubercle
What forms the inguinal ligament?
Formed from the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle