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Histology 1 > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the skeletal tissues composed of?

A

bone and cartilage

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2
Q

Which feature is common to all cartilages?

A

it has no blood vessels -avascular

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3
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

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4
Q

What is the ground substance in cartilage made from predominantly?

A

the ground substance is chondroitin sulphate (GAG). functions to provides resistance to compression

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5
Q

What are the cells of cartilage?

A

chondrocytes and chondroblasts

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6
Q

What are the unique properties of cartilage ECM?

A

The ECM of cartilage unlike other tissues is firm, solid, and glassy.

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7
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

most common cartilage, abundant ground substance. smooth, gel like tissue that is perfect for lubricating joints, at the end of all long bones, and ribs. very tough and flexible and has significant compression strength.

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8
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

a dense connective tissue that surrounds hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage externally

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9
Q

Articular cartilage is a modification of which other type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

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10
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrients?

A

Since there is no direct blood supply, chondrocytes receive nourishment via diffusion from the surrounding environment.

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11
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

flexible, provides support and resistance to compression

Highly flexible, Outer ear/epiglottis
Histologically similar to hyaline cartilage
Elastin fibres concentrated around lacunae. Collagen fibres are also present

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12
Q

What is lacunae in cartilage?

A

small chamber in the matrix occupied by one or more chondrocytes

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13
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

Extremely durable and tough
Little ground substance
Dominated by irregular dense collagen fibres
Chondrocytes arranged in rows
Pads lie between spinal vertebrae, pubis, knee

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14
Q

Which type of cartilage is dominated by dense bundles of collagen fibres?

A

fibrocartilage

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15
Q

What does the ground substance of bone consist of?

A

Chondroitin sulphate
Hyaluronic acid

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16
Q

What are the fibres in bone?

A

type 1 collagen

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17
Q

What is the name of the organic unmineralised component of bone ECM?

A

osteoid

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18
Q

What is the extracellular matrix in bone?

A

made up of organic matrix (30%) and hydroxyapatite (70%)
Before the ECM is calcified it is called osteoid

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19
Q

What is the name of the mineralised component of bone matrix that confers hardness?

A

hydroxyapatite

20
Q

Apart from bone tissue what else are bones made from?

A

CT proper (periosteum)
Adipose tissue (fatty marrow)
Blood vessels
Nervous tissue
Articular cartilage

20
Q

What are the two conformations of bone?

A

Compact (cortical) bone
Spongy (trabecular) bone

21
Q

What are the cells in bone tissue and what is their function?

A

Osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cell
only bone cell capable of cell division. repair and maintain bone tissues
gives rise to osteoblasts

Osteoblast
Synthesises and secretes bone tissue (osteoid)
Gives rise to osteocytes

Osteocyte
Maintains mineralised bone tissue
once osteoblasts that differentiated

Osteoclast
Resorbs bone
Derived from monocyte/macrophage lineage

22
Q

How are osteocytes formed?

A

osteoblasts are surrounded by the growing bone matrix. once osteoblasts lay down the matrix that becomes mineralised, they become trapped in a lacunae. They become osteocytes to maintain material they previously laid down

23
Q

Bone is arranged in layers. What general name is give to these layers?

A

lamellae

24
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The periosteum is a dense outer layer. It has two layers, an outer fibrous layer and an inner osteogenic layer. In the osteogenic layer there is osteogenic cells that give rise to osteoblasts

25
Q

What is the name of the functional unit of compact bone that is arranged in a series of concentric lamellae?

A

osteon

26
Q

What is in the middle of osteons?

A

central canals carry blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

27
Q

What name is given to the tiny canals through which osteocytes maintain direct contact with their neighbours?

A

canaliculi

28
Q

What name is given to the layers of bone that lie between osteons and represent the remnants of old partially resorbed osteons?

A

interstitial lamellae

29
Q

What functional feature of compact bone is not evident in spongy/trabecular bone?

A

osteon

30
Q

How does spongy bone receive nutrients?

A

in spaces between which are red and yellow marrow, there are blood vessels and lymphatics present

31
Q

Trabeculae are lined externally by a cellular layer known as what?

A

endosteum

32
Q

What are factors that influence bone remodelling?

A

Bone remodelling can be influenced by growth, mechanical stress, hormonal and immunological

33
Q

What is healthy bone tissue?

A

when bone formation (osteoblastogenesis) is coupled with bone resorption (osteoclastogenesis)

34
Q

What happens in inflammation of bone tissue?

A

In inflammation, some diseases can disrupt the balance between bone formation and bone resorption leading to loss of bone and increase osteoclast diagenesis

35
Q

What happens in periodontitis?

A

Inflammation causes immune cells to migrate to the tissues. Other inflammatory molecules present in the tissues can cause monocytes to fuse and differentiate into osteoclasts so that the number of osteoclasts will outweigh the number of osteoblasts

As a result bone remodelling has become uncoupled – increased osteoclastogenesis which causes destruction of alveolar bone and tooth loss

36
Q

What happens in oestoarthritis?

A

Cartilage is worn down causing movement to become difficult and painful

37
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

an autoimmune disease where the body attacks it’s own tissues

38
Q

Rickets is a condition that affects the bone structure of children. Which component of bone is most affected?

A

hydroxyapatite

39
Q

What are chondroblasts trapped in?

A

They become trapped in lacunae forming chondrocytes

40
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

A

elastic cartilage

41
Q

What is the difference between articular and hyaline cartilage?

A

articular covers the articular surfaces of synovial joints, it is a specialised hyaline cartilage that lacks a perichondrium

42
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

in the invertebral discs of the spine and menisci of the knee

43
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

found on the end of all bones and joints

44
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

external ear and epiglottis, parts of the laryngeal cartilages and in the walls of the Eustachian tubes.

Histology 1 (8 decks)

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