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528 > CARS and TEST Special > Flashcards

CARS and TEST Special Flashcards

1
Q

CARS Top Strategy

A
  1. Strategic Approach
  2. Tactical Approach
  3. Algorithmic study
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2
Q

STRATEGIC APPROACH (CARS and other topics)

A
  1. Energy - sit up straight; pull chair close to table; feet flat on ground; and be alert.
  2. Focus - Focus on the task at hand; ignore distractions
  3. Confidence - confidence in scores (even guessing) and confidence in reading (critically)
  4. Timing - 5 seconds to focus thoughts prior to passage (one one thousand, two one thousand,…); read each passage in order and attempt all the questions (127 or better); check your time once and only after finishing the 5th passage while shooting to finish with 5 minutes left.; learn to guess on difficult questions to have time for easy questions.
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3
Q

TACTICS

A
  1. You can read every word in the CARS section and easily finish the exam!
  2. Don’t skim
  3. Don’t distract yourself by taking notes.
  4. Mastering this section is much an art as a science.
  5. Concentrate on the main idea; NOT THE DETAILS
  6. DO NOT READ THE QUESTIONS FIRST! It is a trap to search for details and NOT THE MAIN IDEA!
  7. Train yourself to become excited and interested in any and every passage topic.
  8. Free yourself from outside BIAS.
  9. Don’t use fancy speed reading techniques.
  10. Allow the details (names, dates, times) to slip in one ear and out the other. Focus on the main idea. You can highlight dates and names!
  11. Create an image of the author in your mind and it will help you understand him.
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4
Q

MAIN IDEA

A
  1. Read the passage carefully then take ~20 seconds to construct the main idea mentally and during reviews, write the main idea down for practice.
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5
Q

MAIN IDEA POINTS

A
  1. It is a summary of the passage themes in one or two sentences.
  2. It reflects the author’s opinion (if presented or implied) and it should emphasize the minor topics to the same extent that they are emphasized in the passage.
  3. It is not bogged down by detail and it presents the author’s overarching point of view which ties the most important ideas in the passage.
  4. It is the middle ground that the author eventually reaches after presenting alternative points of view.
  5. Note that the main idea cannot be found by going back and forth in the passage but after concentrating on the entire passage.
  6. Try to read to process the information instead of reading for detail.
  7. CARS questions try to trick you but the key is to know the main idea in order to avoid this trick.
  8. Try to go back to each passage and write down the main idea after reviews. Say a day after reviews. Take maybe three passages and do that.
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6
Q

EK: Constructing the Main Idea

A
  1. List the main topics in one to four words long.
  2. Choose the most important ones and write a short phrase relating them to each other and the passage.
  3. Connect the phrase to connect to the main idea and other topics as well.
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7
Q

Confidence on the main idea

A
  1. DON’T REREAD A LINE OR PARAGRAPH OVER AND OVER UNTIL YOU MASTER IT.
  2. Know your author - judge your author harshly so you will be able to understand the questions that are posed to you.
  3. There is no need to remember the details in the passage. It can be found in seconds and rarely important in answering questions.

**TRICKY - Sometimes ignore the quotations until you have a firm grasp of the MAIN IDEA!!!!! The key is the main idea and NOT the details. ALso, avoid extremes!

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8
Q

Close Reading

A
  1. It allows you to find the components of the main idea in order to construct it.
  2. It is a way of reading interactively, rather than passively. It allows you to notice every clue to the author’s opinions.
  3. The ability to construct a narrative is vital for success as a physician, not only to understand the patient’s experience but also to make an accurate diagnosis.
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9
Q

Constituents of Close reading

A
  1. Engaging with the text
  2. Asking questions
  3. Consider the author’s writing decisions
  4. Restate information
  5. Narrate in your own voice
  6. Examine the word choice
  7. Parse phrases and sentences
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10
Q

Tools for Close reading

A
  1. Use an animated voice
  2. Read for the author
  3. Ask questions
  4. Name the purpose of a sentence, counterpoint, (middle ground), and evidence (examples)
  5. Title the paragraph
  6. Examine the word choice
  7. Same or different
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11
Q

Basic Advanced skills to master

A
  1. Passage Archetypes - Helps to readily identify the main and supporting ideas.
  2. Question archetypes - Helps avoid distractors and hone in on the best answer.
  3. Building a spectrum - help with identifying the author’s position and construct the main idea by organizing the ideas presented within the passage.
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12
Q

Minute skill

A

Some passages:
1. 5-paragraph: Introductory (central argument and thesis), others (2-4) is supporting arguments, and last is restatement of thesis and summary of three paragraphs of supporting arguments.

  1. Supporting arguments are typically the first and second sentences.
  2. Transitional phrases used in first and last sentences signal the relationship between paragraphs.
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13
Q

COMPARE AND CONTRAST

A
  1. Two related ideas, people, or topics. Read for relationship, similarity, differences, main idea that includes both, and the ways related.
  2. Common variant: Often a third concept is introduced that relates the first two.
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14
Q

DETAILS, DETAILS, and DETAILS

A
  1. Bogged down detail is a strategy used by test takers to make you skim.
  2. Use animated reading, engage with each component, name its purpose, identify relationships between components and to the main idea.
  3. Usually have short paragraphs with details and distinct main idea. DO NOT SKIP.
  4. Unify all he sub-topics as much as possible and pay attention to the overarching themes.
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15
Q

NEW CONCEPT

A
  1. Weird topics: economics, philosophy, etc.
  2. Main idea will uniquely expand on this concept. The remainder further explains and provides examples.
  3. Try to summarize the main idea into a sentence or two.
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16
Q

POINT OF VIEW

A
  1. Usually the author’s point of view that is subtle, obvious, emotional/argumentative language, with varied viewpoints.
  2. Questions look for this and logical flaw, author’s tone, purpose of writing, presumed identity.

Bait and switch variant:
1. Starts with something then criticizes it, showing subtle and altered view. Questions look for author’s true feelings!!

17
Q

Question Archetypes

A
  1. Point of view - Asks: main idea, or distinguish main idea from other points of view -> “Foundations of comprehension”
  2. Connection - reading of the argument, relationships of passage components to one another, or to main idea (reasoning within the text)
  3. Credibility - Credibility of the author
  4. Going further - Bring new information and apply passage ideas to it.
18
Q

POINT OF VIEW

A
  1. The passage suggests that ___ might hold the view that:
  2. According to the passage, ____ would deny the claim that:
  3. The author most likely believes that:
  4. The author suggests that:
  5. According to the author, ____

**Make note of each point of view. Consider: words, tone, and arguments used by the author.

19
Q

CONNECTION

A
  1. The example ___ best supports the author’s claim that:
  2. The discussion of ____ is primarily intended to support the author’s claim that:
  3. The example of ____ is most relevant to the author’s assertion that:
  4. What is the intended relevance of the author’s comment that ____ to the rest of the passage?
  5. The opinion that ____ is challenged in the passage by the argument that:
20
Q

CREDIBILITY

A

Typically: Which of the various claims is most or least supported by examples in the passage. To answer:

  1. Recall level of evidence/support provided/
  2. Were examples or supporting evidence provided?
  3. MEntioned as passing comment?
  4. Evidence concrete or vague?
21
Q

CREDIBILITY EXAMPLES

A
  1. The author offers no supporting evidence for the claim that:
  2. Implicit in the passage is the assumption that:
  3. What is the most significant weakness of the passage author’s argument?
  4. Which of the following assertions is not clearly supported by the passage author?
  5. For which of the following conclusions does the passage offer the most support?
22
Q

GOING FURTHER

A
  1. Application/integration
  2. Application - apply the main idea in a new context and Integration - asks to incorporate new information
  3. Suppose, assume, would, two sentence format.
23
Q

APPLICATION

A

Thoughts on a new scenario:
1. If the information in the passage is accurate ___, then…

  1. Given the information in the passage, the author would most likely ….
  2. The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to disagree with which of the following statements?
  3. Suppose ___. Which of the following explanations is most compatible with passage information?
  4. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following opinion?
24
Q

INTEGRATION

A

Gives new information, and asks how to determine if it affects the passage main ideas:
1. Suppose that …. This finding would best support the claim that:

  1. If …. which of the follwoing conclusions in the passage would be challenged?
  2. Suppose … This new information would most challenge the claim that:
  3. If … then one would expect that:
  4. Assume … This finding:
25
Q

The spectrum

A
  1. Particular way of organizing CARS passages.
26
Q

BUILDING THE SPECTRUM STEP BY STEP

A
  1. Restating the material
  2. Identifying contrasts
  3. Using your “lens”
27
Q

RESTATING THE MATERTIAL

A
  1. Restate in your own words.

2. This allows for higher comprehension of concepts.

28
Q

IDENTIFYING CONTRASTS

A
  1. Pay attention to the contrasting ideas
  2. The one that is supported more is likely the author’s opinion
  3. Look at transitional words/phrases to guide you.
  4. If one perspective is given, that is likely the author’s opinion.
29
Q

USING YOUR LENS TO REVISE AND REFINE

A
  1. Read new material in the passage using the “lens” of your earlier understanding of the passage.
  2. Each new sentence relates to the one that came before it.
  3. Pattern: author may talk about one thing at length, jump from one point to the next, and leave the previous one in the cold. To help this, read in the same lens you read before.
  4. From “3”, it allows you to organize new information according to earlier concepts; and it keeps you focused on the main idea. Pay close attention!
30
Q

CARS Important questions

A
  1. Main idea?
  2. Author saying?
  3. Why do they believe it?
  4. Evidence to back it up?
  5. What could prove them wrong?
  6. Assumptions
  7. Question types: Application, integration, point of view, connection, credibility, strength and weakness
31
Q

CARS AAMC TESTED SKILLS

A
  1. Foundations of comprehension
  2. Reasoning within the text
  3. Reasoning beyond the text
32
Q

Foundations of Comprehension

A
  1. Understanding the basic components of the text.

2. Inferring meaning from rhetorical devices, word choice, and text structure

33
Q

Reasoning within the text

A
  1. Integrating different components of the text to increase comprehension
34
Q

Reasoning beyond the text

A
  1. Applying or extrapolating ideas from the passage to new contexts.
  2. Assessing the impact of introducing new factors, information, or conditions to ideas from the passage.
35
Q

Main goals

A
  1. It focuses on what is given the most attention in the passage.
36
Q

An implication of a term

A

The focus is on the term, its meaning, and how it is used in the context of the passage.

37
Q

Reasoning beyond the text

A
  1. Go to the referred argument or point of view and then see how a new option will directly take this argument and apply it to its own.

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