Altius FL 1 Test Bio/Biochem Flashcards
1.) Suppose airborne transmission of H7N9 is verified from chickens to humans, but not to ferrets, even though ferrets have tracheal architecture similar to humans. If infected humans experience symptoms of H7N9, which explanation is most plausible?
Correct. The question stem is asking us to focus on humans and give a reason to why they can now allow the binding of a virus but it won’t bind to a known model that has overlap. C attacks the reason head on. A is wrong because evolution takes forever. B is wrong because the stem already says that the trachea is much more related to ferret and human are mammals. D is wrong because a mutation cannot lead to the overall issue in all ferrets.
2.) AITA is a single-stranded RNA virus. For genomic replication to occur, the virus must package its own RNA polymerase into the virion because eukaryotic host cells:
Wrong. I failed because I needed to understand that humans and viruses have similar RNA. The key here is to know what RNAs this virus has and to realize that if it had to pack its own RNA, then that means that humans lack the right RNA that it needs.
3.) If HA is the attachment protein for influenza virus and is necessary for colonization, which influenza strain is most likely to colonize a ferret?
Correct. This question is asking you to look closely at the paragraph that focuses on colonization and infection. Look at the one that is directly talking about the transmission and look at figures, then make a translation from there.
4.) All influenza virus strains require SA receptors. Human receptors link SA to galactose via an α-2,6 linkage, while avian receptors link SA to galactose via an α-2,3 linkage. Viral receptors in swine most likely feature which SA linkage type?
The key to this was in the final paragraph. It required taking paragraph information and making an interpretation based off of that. The answer here was very straightforward.
5.) Which innate and adaptive immune cells, respectively, were most helpful in protecting Chinese patients from influenza mortality?
Wrong. This was a knowledge-based question. I needed to know the classifications of the immune system and even the lymphatic system and use that knowledge to answer this question. I need to review innate and adaptive immunity plus memorize them.
6.) Which description correctly characterizes the synapse illustrated below?
Correct. The key here is realizing the types of synapses available and knowing from the diagram which is the most probable one.
7.) Researchers included the sense-Agrin mRNA trial in Table 1 to demonstrate that:
Wrong. The first is to realize that the strands are included separately and so the option that says that they are complementary may be right in theory but it is not done in there. The second thing is that if binding occurred there would be a reduction but this was not the case. Use the control to make that prediction. Also, and finally it had to be C because only one was causing an effect when you take the answers from both the control and the inclusion of the intervention. Know the types of controls in an experiment.
8.) Which experimental result from the study of transgenic rats pre-disposed to AD would most strongly support the theory that a reduction in the number of dendritic spines causes AD?
Wrong. There are two tricks here. The first trick is that the inclusion of cortical neurons alone is very specific and limiting. It would negate the effects of hippocampal effects. The other important thing is that if something is giving the strongest evidence, that evidence should be in both establishing causality and association. In this case, pick the answer that shows that a cause has been established. In addition to that cause, an inclusion of association makes it a stronger choice.
9.) During embryological development, Agrin released from a somatic motor neuron causes acetylcholine receptors throughout the sarcolemma to migrate to the motor end plate. With which cellular structure is Agrin most likely to interact during NMJ formation?
Wrong. First of all know what kinds of receptors are present. Also, it is important to know the various binding patterns, first or second, and what kinds of biomolecules have what effects on receptors. Agrin is a protein and so it has to bind to the receptor on the plasma membrane. Also, since it is muscular, the plasma membrane should be a muscular type.
10.) The oligonucleotide bound to mature Agrin mRNA at the end of the experiment is:
Wrong. This required knowledge of binding patterns and materials in RNA, DNA, and more. mRNA is complementary to an mRNA strand. That means coding is off the table since that is DNA. For the future learn all these parameters in DNA and more.
11.) Which technique is preferred for purification of a protein with an affinity tag?
Correct. Know the chromatography types, their binding pattern to their columns and how it makes sense in questions. Learn Reverse-phase, normal phase, and more.
12.) A diagram of the ATP synthase enzyme is shown. A toxic compound that blocks the α subunits of ATP synthase must enter which region of the mitochondria to function?
Correct. But learn the mitochondria structure and the various materials in it and the locations in there.
13.)
Cells in various stages of cell division were isolated from an organism with four chromosomes (2n = 4). Which schematic represents a cell from this organism in metaphase of Meiosis I?
Correct. But learn mitosis and meiosis and the diagrams that characterize it.
14.)
For a condition exhibiting X-linked dominant inheritance, an affected male and a normal female will have:
Correct. Learn the crossing and making predictions from there.
15.) Enterococcus faecium is a Gram-positive bacteria responsible for many hospital-based infections. Which plant extract is likely to be most effective against an E. faecium infection?
Wrong. I thought that when they said the particular microorganism, the answer would be the same on in the same area but I needed to realize that the focus is gram-positive bacteria and so that will determine how I handle it.
