CARL ROGERS (PERSON CENTERED THEORY) Flashcards
Rogers is most properly associated with
client-centered therapy.
Before deciding on psychology, Rogers aspired to be a
farmer and minister
Rogers described the formative tendency as the tendency for
matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.
Rogers believed that all behavior relates to one’s
actualizing tendency
Healthy people evaluate their experiences as good or bad according to which criterion?
the actualizing tendency
In Rogerian theory, the actualizing tendency
a) synonymous with the formative tendency.
B) has the same or nearly the same meaning as self-actualization. C) refers to the person's organismic experiences. D) refers to the tendency to actualize the perceived self.
refers to the person’s organismic experiences.
Inner tension arises, Rogers said, when a conflict exists between the
self-actualizing tendency and the organismic self.
A discrepancy between the self-concept and the ideal self results in
incongruence.
Subception was defined by Rogers as
the process of perceiving stimuli without an awareness of the perception.
Tyler has a low perception of himself. To increase his self-concept, his parents and teacher continually praise and compliment him. Rogers believed that such praise and compliments are most likely to
A) enhance Tyler's self-esteem. B) reinforce Tyler's negative behavior. C) be easily accepted into Tyler's self-concept. D) be distorted by Tyler.
be distorted by Tyler.
According to Rogers, two of our basic needs are
A) sex and safety. B) self-actualization and self-enhancement. C) power and submission. D) maintenance and enhancement.
maintenance and enhancement.
Rogers believed that, for psychologically healthy individuals,
the self and experience are congruent.
Which statement is consistent with Rogers’s theory?
A) Self-regard is originally dependent on self-concept. B) Once achieved, self-regard can exist independently of others' opinions and attitudes. C) Self-regard is symptomatic of malignant egoism. D) Self-regard stems from the negative appraisals received from others.
Once achieved, self-regard can exist independently of others’ opinions and attitudes.
An unawareness of a discrepancy between self and experience leads to
vulnerability.
According to Rogers, the two primary defensive strategies are
A) repression and denial. B) repression and reaction formation. C) denial and distortion. D) subception and regression.
denial and distortion.
Rogers believed that a disorganized personality may at times behave consistently with organismic experience and at other times consistently with
A) the ideal self. B) others' expectations. C) the shattered self-concept. D) the actualizing tendency.
the shattered self-concept.
Rogers hypothesized that empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence are
necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy.
In Rogers’s seven stages of therapeutic process, growth is irreversible when clients reach which stage?
6th
Clients are better able to listen to themselves when the therapist possesses
A) sympathy for them. B) empathy for them. C) conditions of worth toward them. D) a professional attitude toward them.
empathy for them
Rogers hypothesized that persons of tomorrow would
be open to their experience.
In the Chicago study, Rogers and his associates found that
) clients who received client-centered therapy became fully functioning.
B) empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence were neither necessary nor sufficient. C) clients who received client-centered therapy improved, but they did not reach an "average" level of psychological functioning. D) clients who received cognitive behavior therapy showed no gain.
clients who received client-centered therapy improved, but they did not reach an “average” level of psychological functioning.
In testing Rogers’s facilitative conditions, Cramer has found that
A) empathy alone is therapeutic. B) counselor congruence alone is therapeutic. C) unconditional positive regard alone is therapeutic. D) advice-giving interferes with a positive therapeutic outcome. E) all three facilitative conditions are necessary.
all three facilitative conditions are necessary.
Vansteenwegen (1996) found that couples receiving client-centered therapy
A) showed initial improvement but reverted to pre-therapy status after one year post-treatment. B) were very likely to divorce or break off their relationship. C) showed increases in positive regard, empathy, and congruence. D) developed strong positive self-regard but demonstrated negative regard for their partners.
showed increases in positive regard, empathy, and congruence.
Which statement is most consistent with Rogers’s concept of humanity?
A) People have a natural tendency to move toward actualization.
B) People move inevitably toward actualization.
C) People move inevitably toward self-actualization.
D) People are free to become what they will.
People have a natural tendency to move toward actualization.
Rogers (1978, 1980) believed that there is a tendency for all matter, both organic and
inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.
Formative tendency
the tendency within all humans (and other animals and plants) to move toward completion
or fulfillment of potentials (Rogers, 1959, 1980). This tendency is the only motive
people possess.
Actualizing tendency
Even though people have a strong desire to maintain the status quo, they are
willing to learn and to change. This need to become more, to develop, and to achieve
growth is called
Enhancement
The _______includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that
are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual.
Self-concept
Defined as one’s view of self as one
wishes to be. The ________contains all those attributes, usually positive, that people
aspire to possess
Ideal Self
A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept indicates
_________ and an unhealthy personality.
Incongruence
Without _________ the
self-concept and the ideal
self would not exist.
Awareness
Rogers (1959) defined _______as “the symbolic
representation (not necessarily in verbal symbols) of
some portion of our experience” (p. 198)
Awareness
Three levels of Awareness
First, some events are experienced below the threshold of awareness and are either ignored or denied.
Second, Rogers (1959) hypothesized that some experiences are accurately symbolized and freely admitted to the self-structure.
A third level of awareness involves experiences that are perceived in a distorted
form
Many people have difficulty accepting genuine compliments and positive feedback, even when deserved
Denial of Positive Experiences
The person develops a need to be loved, liked, or accepted by another person,
a need that Rogers (1959) referred to as
Positive Regard
They perceive that their parents, peers, or partners love and accept
them only if they meet those people’s expectations and approval
Conditions of Worth
defined as the experience of prizing or valuing one’s self.
Positive Self-Regard
Our perceptions of other people’s view of us are called
external evaluations
This _______ between our self-concept and our organismic experience is the source of psychological disorders
Incongruence
Rogers (1959)
believed that people are _________when they are unaware of the discrepancy
between their organismic self and their significant experience.
Vulnerable
Rogers (1959) defined _______as “a state of uneasiness or tension
whose cause is unknown”
Anxiety
The greater the incongruence between our perceived self (self concept) and our organismic experience, the more _________ we are.
Vulnerable
________ is the protection of
the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences
inconsistent with it (Rogers, 1959).
Defensiveness
we refuse to perceive an experience in awareness, or at least we keep some aspect of
it from reaching symbolization.
Denial
Two chief defenses
Distortion and Denial
we misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self-concept
Distortion
In a state of ________________ people sometimes behave
consistently with their organismic experience and sometimes in
accordance with their shattered
Behavior can become disorganized or even psychotic
when one’s defenses fail to operate properly.
Disorganization
