ABRAHAM MASLOW (HOLISTIC DYNAMIC THEORY) Flashcards
_ Force in psychology, _ force in personality
3rd, fourth
The whole person, not any single part or function is motivated
Holistic Approach to Motivation
People’s behavior may spring from several separate motives
Motivation is Usually Complex
When one need is satisfied, it ordinarily loses its motivational power and
is then replaced by another need.
people are continually motivated by one need or
another
The manner in which people in different cultures obtain food, build shelters,
express friendship, and so forth may vary widely, but the fundamental needs for food,
safety, and friendship are common to the entire species.
all people everywhere are motivated by the same basic
needs
Although the most common visual representation of
the hierarchy is a pyramid, it is worth noting that Maslow himself never created or
argued for a pyramid
needs can be arranged on a
hierarchy
Maslow’s View of Motivation
Holistic Approach to Motivation
Motivation is Usually Complex
People are Continually Motivated by one need or another
All people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs
Needs can be arranged on a hierarchy
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs concept assumes that
Lower level needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher level needs become motivators.
Five needs composing the hierarchy
Conative Needs
These needs, which Maslow often referred to as
_______ can be arranged on a hierarchy or staircase, with each ascending step
representing a higher need but one less basic to survival
Basic Needs
Lower
level needs have _______ over higher level needs; that is, they must be satisfied or
mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated
Prepotency
Most basic needs
Physiological Needs
First, they are the only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied.
Physiological Needs
Have a recuring nature
Physiological Needs
Including physical security, stability, dependency, protection,
and freedom from threatening forces such as war, terrorism, illness, fear, anxiety,
danger, chaos, and natural disasters
Safety Needs
Safety needs differ from physiological needs in that they cannot be…
overly satiated, ; people can never be completely protected from meteorites, fires, floods, or the
dangerous acts of others.
Children, however, are
more often motivated by safety needs because they live with such threats as darkness,
animals, strangers, and punishments from parents. Also, some adults feel relatively
unsafe because they retain irrational fears from childhood that cause them to act
as if they were afraid of parental punishment.
They spend far more energy than do
healthy people trying to satisfy safety needs, and when they are not successful in their
attempts, they suffer from what Maslow called…
Basic Anxiety
After people partially satisfy their physiological and safety needs, they become motivated by…… such as such as the desire for friendship; the wish for
a mate and children; and the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a
nation.
Love and Belongingness
3 types of people in love and belongingness.
People who have had their love and belongingness needs adequately satisfied
from early years do not panic when denied love.
A second group of people consists of those who have never experienced love
and belongingness, and, therefore, are incapable of giving love.
A third category includes those people who have received love and belongingness
only in small doses.
Include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem.
Esteem Needs
Desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy,
for mastery and competence, for confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom
Esteem Needs
Include self-fulfillment,the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word (M
Self-actualization needs
Are not dependent on the
satisfaction of either love or esteem
needs; they become independent from
the lower level needs that gave them
birth.
Self- actualizing people
Are not universal, but at least some people in
every culture seem to be motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing
experiences. Desire beautiful and orderly surroundings,
and when these needs are not met, they become sick in the same way that they
become sick when their conative needs are frustrated
Aesthetic Needs
Most people have a desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious.
Maslow (1970) called these desires…
Cognitive Needs
People who have not satisfied
their cognitive needs, who have been consistently lied to, have had their curiosity
stifled, or have been denied information, become…
Pathological (skepticism, disillusionment, and cynicism)
Needs that lead only to stagnation and pathology. Are unproductive and perpetuate an unhealthy style of life and have no value in the striving for self-actualization.
Neurotic Needs
Hypothetical average person has his or
her needs satisfied to approximately these levels:
physiological 85%;
safety, 70%
love and belongingness, 50%
esteem, 40%
self-actualization, 10%
Even though needs are generally satisfied in the hierarchical order
occasionally they are reversed.
Reversed Order of Needs
Maslow believed that even though all behaviors have a cause, some behaviors are
not motivated.
Unmotivated Behavior
It is unmotivated and is often an end in itself and serves no other purpose than to
be. It is frequently unconscious and usually takes place naturally and with little effort.
Expressive Behavior
Is always motivated and aimed at satisfying a need. Ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned,
and determined by the external environment. It involves the individual’s attempts to
cope with the environment; to secure food and shelter; to make friends; and to receive
acceptance, appreciation, and prestige from others.
Coping Behavior
Lack of satisfaction of any of the basic needs leads to some kind of pathology. Deprivation of physiological needs results in malnutrition, fatigue, loss of energy, obsession.
Deprivation of Needs
Deprivation of self-actualization needs also leads to pathology, or more
accurately. The absence of
values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss of meaning in life
Metapathology
Maslow (1970) hypothesizes that some human needs are innately determined even
though they can be modified by learning.
Instinctoid needs
What are the criteria for self-actualizing people?
- they were free
from psychopathology - self-actualizing people had progressed through the hierarchy of
needs - embracing of the B-values
- full use and exploitation
of talents, capacities, potentialities, etc.
Maslow (1971) held that self-actualizing people are motivated by the “eternal verities,”
what he called
B-values
Maslow termed
B-values as “metaneeds” to indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs. He distinguished between ordinary need motivation and the motives of self-actualizing people,
which he called
Metamotivation
The type of science that lacks emotion, joy, wonder, awe, and raptur
Desacralization
The _____measures values and behaviors of
self-actualizing people, such as time competence (how present-oriented is a person)
and support (how self- versus other-oriented is a person). T
Personal Orientation Inventory (POI).
Fear of being one’s best
Jonah Complex
Which term is best associated with Maslow?
A) client-centered therapy
B) self-actualization
C) personal constructs
D) behaviorism
E) functional autonomy
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
During childhood and adolescence, Maslow was
A) shy and socially backwards.
B) pampered by his mother
C) overly combative with his older brothers
D) more interested in sports than in books.
shy and socially backwards.
As a young man, Maslow experienced a fortuitous event that changed his life. This event happened when he
A ) met Alfred Adler.
B) first kissed his cousin Bertha Goodman
C) made the Dean’s honor roll at Cornell.
D) converted from Judaism to Protestantism
first kissed his cousin Bertha Goodman
During his early professional career, Maslow was influenced by
E. L. Thorndike.
In his theory of motivation, Maslow assumed that
A) people in different cultures have different basic needs B) motivation is nearly always conscious. C) people are motivated by one need at a time. This is the correct answer. D) people are continually motivated by one need or another E) both a and d are correct.
people are continually motivated by one need or another.
Maslow’s concept of hierarchy of needs assumes that
A) higher needs have prepotency over lower needs. This is the correct answer. B) lower needs have prepotency over higher needs. C) love needs are more basic than physiological needs. D) cognitive needs must be satisfied before aesthetic needs become motivators. E) aesthetic needs are prepotent over cognitive needs.
lower needs have prepotency over higher needs.
When safety needs are not satisfied, a person will be motivated by which needs?
safety
Safety needs are usually strongest for
children
Maslow said that basic anxiety is experienced when people
fail to satisfy safety needs.
A person who has never received love is likely to
devalue it
Feelings of self-worth, confidence, and competence were considered by Maslow to be
esteem needs
According to Maslow, neurotic needs are activated
A) only when satisfied. B) only when frustrated. This is the correct answer. C) whether they are satisfied or not. D) when love and belongingness needs are frustrated.
whether they are satisfied or not.
With regard to needs, which of these statements would Maslow endorse?
A) Safety needs must be satisfied more fully than physiological needs.
B) People are usually conscious of their underlying needs. C) The order of needs may be reversed in certain cases. D) One need must be completely satisfied before another can become a motivator. E) If people cannot satisfy their love needs, they can skip to the level of esteem needs.
The order of needs may be reversed in certain cases.
According to Maslow,
A) some behavior is not motivated. B) all behavior has a cause. This is the correct answer. C) both a and b. D) neither a nor b.
some behavior is not motivated.
Maslow believed that people who fail to satisfy self-actualization needs
A) embrace the M-values. B) suffer from metapathology. C) become neurotic. D) embrace the B-values
suffer from metapathology.
Instinctoid needs are those that
A) spring from a modern industrialized society. B) result in pathology when frustrated. C) are unique to humans. D) can be modified by learning. This is the correct answer. E) all except a.
all except a
According to Maslow, metamotivation
A) is characterized by coping rather than expressive behavior. B) is the need for peak experiences. C) represents the motives of self-actualizing people. D) is associated with D-values E) represents the motives of neurotic people.
represents the motives of self-actualizing people.
Which of the following was NOT listed by Maslow as a characteristic of self-actualizing people?
A) social interest B) autonomy C) need for privacy D) acceptance of self, others, and nature E) people-centered
people-centered
Maslow said that self-actualizing people
A) feel lonely when they are alone. B) experience anxiety when faced with the unknown. C) desire to inform, convert, and instruct others. D) experience a more efficient perception of reality.
experience a more efficient perception of reality.
Maslow said that B-love is
unmotivated, expressive behavior.
Maslow called the fear of being one’s best
Jonah Complex
Maslow insisted that scientists should
be willing to resacralize science.
