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pe revision > cardiovascular system-mr smith > Flashcards

cardiovascular system-mr smith Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two waste products of the body

A

lactic acid
carbon dioxide

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2
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

body’s transport system

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3
Q

what divides the heart into two

A

muscular wall the septum
each side split into two chambers-ventricles and atrium

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4
Q

what does the atria do

A

push blood down into the ventricles

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5
Q

what is the difference between atria and ventricles

A

ventricles have ,much thicker muscular walls and need to contract with greater force to allow to push blood out of heart

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6
Q

where does the left side of the heart have to pump blood too

A

the whole body/ much bigger then the right side

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7
Q

where does the right side of the heart have to pump blood too

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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8
Q

what does the vena cava do

A

brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium

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9
Q

what does the pulmonary vein do

A

brings oxygenated blood back to the left atrium

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10
Q

what does the pulmonary artery do

A

leaves the right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to go to the lungs

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11
Q

what does the aorta do

A

leaves the left ventricle with oxygenated blood leading to the body

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12
Q

how many main valves are in the heart

A

4

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13
Q

what do valves do

A

prevent blood backflow
ensure blood moving in one direction
open to allow blood to flow through
close to prevent blood backflow

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14
Q

what are the names of the valves in the heart

A

tricuspid
bicuspid
semi-lunar

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15
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system do

A

sympathetic-stimulates heart to beat faster
parasympathetic-returns heart to resting level

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16
Q

what two parts is the nervous system made up of

A

central nervous system-spinal cord and brain
peripheral nervous system-nerve cells that transmit info to and from CNS

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17
Q

what are the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system coordinated by

A

cardiac control centre located in the medulla oblogata in the brain

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18
Q

cardiac control centre is stimulated by what

A

chemoreceptors
proprioceptors
baroreceptors

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19
Q

what do chemorecpetors detect

A

increase in co2
detect chemical changes
stimulates the sympathetic nervous system means heart beats faster
heart rate increase

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20
Q

what do baroreceptors detect

A

changes in blood pressure
signal the medulla in the brain
results in
decrease of heart rate

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21
Q

what do proprioceptors detect

A

change in movement, length and tension
increase in muscle movement means increase in heart rate

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22
Q

where are proprioceptors located

A

muscles tendons and joints

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23
Q

what is adrenaline

A

stress hormone released by the sympathetic nervous system
stimulates SA node(pacemaker)
results in increase of force and speed of contraction

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24
Q

what is the defintion of stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out the heart each contraction

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25
Q

what is stroke volume dependent on

A

venous return- the volume of blood returning back to the heart vi the veins
venous return increase, stroke volume also increase

26
Q

what is starlings law

A

idea that the more cardiac outputs stetch, the bigger the force of contraction will be
greater force of contraction can increase the ejection fraction
called starlings law

27
Q

what is the diastole phase

A

when the heart relaxes and fills with blood

28
Q

definition of heart rate

A

number of times heart beats per minute

29
Q

what is cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped out of heart per minute

30
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output=stroke volume x heart rate
stroke volume increase, cardiac output increase

31
Q

how do you calculate your maximum heart rate

A

220-age

32
Q

what is cardiac hypertrophy

A

when the cardiac muscle becomes bigger and stronger

33
Q

what is stroke volumes response to exercise

A

exercise increases, stroke volume increases till around 40-60% effort then plateau

34
Q

what happens to get CHD conorary heart disease

A

conorary arteries become blocked due to build up of fatty deposits
process is called atherosclerosis

35
Q

what can cause atherosclerosis

A

smoking
lack of exercise
lack of cholestrol

36
Q

benefits of exercise to the heart

A

keeps the heart healthy and more efficient
pumps more blood around the body as exercise makes heart bigger and stronger
resulting in increase in stroke volume

37
Q

what is cardiovascular drift

A

-a progressive decrease in stroke volume and pressure but increase in heart rate
-occurs during exercise longer then 10 minutes in warm environment when intensity stays the same

38
Q

vascular system

A

-made up of blood vessels
-blood vessels carry blood through the body
- they deliver oxygen and nutrients to body’s tissues
-take away waste products e.g. carbon dioxide

39
Q

what are the two types of circulation

A

pulmonary
systematic

40
Q

what are the 5 blood vessels in the vascular system

A

heart
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
veins

41
Q

structural features of veins

A

thin muscluar layers
blood at low pressure
contain valves and a wide lumen

41
Q

structural features of veins

A

thin muscluar layers
blood at low pressure
contain valves and a wide lumen

42
Q

structural feautures of arteries

A

high presssure
smaller lumen
smooth inner layer

43
Q

capilleries

A

only wide enough to fit one red blood cell to get through at a given time

44
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms used to help venous return

A

skeletal muscle pump
repiratory pump
pocket valves

45
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

msucles contract and change shape
change in shpe means muscles press on nearby veins
causes pumping effect squeezing blood back to heart

46
Q

respiratory pump

A

muscles contract and relax during breathing in and breathing out
change in pressure
compress the nearby veins forcing blood back to the heart

47
Q

pocket valves

A

important blood flows only in one direction
once blood passed, valves close up to prevent blood backflow

48
Q

other factor that helps blood back to heart (venous return)

A

gravity

49
Q

what is systolic pressure

A

pressure in blood when ventricles contracting

50
Q

what is dystollic pressure

A

pressure in blood when ventricles relaxing
systolic pressure increases, increase in venous return
systolic pressure decreases, decrease in blood pressure

51
Q

oxygen

A

during exercise, oxygen diffuses into capillaries
supplying skeletal muscle pump
3% dissolves into plasma
97% dissolves into haemoglobin
combines
making oxyhaemoglobin

52
Q

vascular shunt mechanism

A

during exercise, more oxygen needed
skeletal muscles need more oxygen so more blood cells need to be redirected to meet oxygen demand
this redirecting blood flow to areas where it is most needed is vascular shunt mechanism
redistribution of blood

53
Q

why should you not eat less then an hour before exercise

A

full gut would make blood be directed to stomach instead of working muscles
detrimental effect on exercise

54
Q

control of blood flow

A

during exercise
chemical chnages such as increase in co2 or lactic acid detected by chemoreceptors
they stimulate the vasomotor centre
redistribute blood through vasoconstriction and vasodilation

55
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

when blood vessel narrows to drecrease blood flow

56
Q

what is vasodilation

A

when blood vessel widens to increase blood flow

56
Q

what is vasodilation

A

when blood vessel widens to increase blood flow

57
Q

where does vasodilation occur during exercise

A

arterioles supplying working muscles

58
Q

where does vasoconstriction occur during exercise

A

arterioles supplying non-essential organs such as liver and intestines

pe revision (12 decks)

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