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Health and Illness Concepts III Nursing: N2410 > Cardiovascular System (Exam X) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Exam X) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

To perfuse the organs and tissues with oxygenated blood

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2
Q

What three protective layers make up the pericardial sac?

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Parietal pericardium
  • Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)
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3
Q

In order, list the structures that blood flows through in the heart.

A 
Inferior/Superior Vena Cava
Right Atrium 
Tricuspid Valve 
Right Ventricle 
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery 
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium 
Mitral Valve 
Left Ventricle 
Aortic Valve 
Aorta 
Body
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4
Q

Name the cardiac layers.

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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5
Q

What does the endocardium prevent?

A

Abnormal clotting

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6
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

Collection of veins that collects blood from the myocardium

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7
Q

What are the two classes of cardiac valves?

A
  • Atrioventricular valves (AV Valves)

- Semilunar Valves

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8
Q

What are the two atrioventricular (AV) valves?

HINT: Always “tri” to do the “right” thing

A
  • Tricuspid valve (Right AV valve)

- Bicuspid valve (Left AV valve)

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9
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

A
  • Pulmonary valve

- Aortic valve

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10
Q

When blood is flowing from the atria to the ventricles, what valves are open? What valves are close?

A
  • Atrioventricular valves are open (tricuspid and bicuspid)

- Semilunar valves are closed (pulmonic and aortic)

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11
Q

When blood is flowing from the ventricles to the lungs and body, what valves are open? What valves are closed?

A
  • Semilunar valves are open (pulmonic and aortic)

- Atrioventricular valves are closed (tricuspid and bicuspid)

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12
Q

Define systole.

A
  • Chambers are contracting (squeezing)
  • Blood is pushed from the chambers out to body
  • Also known as period of ejection
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13
Q

Define diastole.

A
  • Chambers are relaxing

- Blood is filling into the chambers

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14
Q

Name the parts of the Cardiac Conduction Pathway in order.

A
  • Sinoatrial (SA) Node
  • Atrioventricular (AV) Node
  • Bundle of His
  • Right and Left Bundle Branches
  • Purkinje Fibers
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15
Q

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for detecting cardiac dysrhythmias?

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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16
Q

What does an electrocardiogram measure?

A

Length of time it takes for electrical impulses to pass through the heart

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17
Q

Describe changes within the vascular system that are common of an aging individual.

A
  • Increase in systolic blood pressure
  • Increased risk of bundle branch block
  • Increase in PR interval
  • Increase in QRS duration
  • Orthostatic hypertension
  • Dysrhythmias
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18
Q

What is the equation used to calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

A

(2DiastolicPressure + SystolicPressure) / 3

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19
Q

Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for the following blood pressure reading: 102/38

A

(2(38) + 102) / 3 = 59.33 = 59

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20
Q

Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for the following blood pressure reading: 155/98

A

(2(98) + 155) / 3 = 117

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21
Q

Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for the following blood pressure reading: 76/28

A

(2(28) + 76) / 3 = 44

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22
Q

Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) for the following blood pressure reading: 120/80

A

(2(80) +120) / 3 = 93.33 = 93

23
Q

Define ejection fraction.

A

Total amount of blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction

24
Q

T/F: Jugular vein distention is a common, but not a clinically significant finding, in a patient lying flat.

A

True

25
Q

The nurse should assess for jugular vein distention with the head of the patient’s bed elevated to what degree or position ?

A

Semi- or high-Folwers position

26
Q

Where should the nurse palpate the point of maximal impulse?

A
  • Left midclavicular line

- Fifth intercostal space

27
Q

If the point of maximal impulse if felt outside of the fifth intercostal space, what might this indicate?

A
  • Cardiac enlargement

- Left ventricular hypertrophy

28
Q

Describe a bruit.

A
  • Turbulent blood flow in an artery

- Humming sound

29
Q

What laboratory value is indicative of heart failure?

A

B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

30
Q

What laboratory value is highly indicative of myocardial injury or a myocardial infarction?

A

Troponin

31
Q

What type of education should the nurse provide to a patient who is discharged home with Holter monitoring?

A
  • Loose fitting clothing
  • Sponge baths only
  • Record a diary of daily activities
32
Q

The nurse administering a stress test on a patient knows the test should be discontinued when the electrocardiogram (ECG) shows what?

A
  • T wave inversion is seen on ECG

- ST elevation is seen on ECG

33
Q

An MRI would be contraindicated in a patient who has what?

A

Pacemaker

34
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypertension?

HINT: The silent killer

A

-Often no s/sx

  • Fatigue
  • Dizziness
  • Palpitations
  • Angina
  • Dyspnea
  • Headaches
35
Q

What is considered a more severe sign of hypertension or hypertensive crisis?

A

Headache

36
Q

T/F: Hypertension is generally asymptomatic until target organ damage occurs.

A

True

37
Q

What blood pressure ranges fall under “prehypertension”?

A
  • Systolic: 120-139

- Diastolic: 80-89

38
Q

What blood pressure ranges fall under “stage one hypertension”?

A
  • Systolic: 140-159

- Diastolic: 90-99

39
Q

What blood pressure ranges fall under “stage two hypertension”?

A
  • Systolic: >160

- Diastolic: >100

40
Q

The nurse determines that the patient has stage 2 hypertension when the patient’s average blood pressure is: (SATA)

A. 150/96 mm Hg.
B. 155/88 mm Hg.
C. 172/92 mm Hg.
D. 160/110 mm Hg.
E. 182/106 mm Hg.
A

C, D, E

41
Q

What is the treatment aimed at for a patient with secondary hypertension?

A
  • Removing cause

- Treat cause

42
Q

List the risk factors for developing primary hypertension.

A
  • Male
  • Age 64 and older
  • African American
  • Alcohol/tobacco use
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Family history
43
Q

While performing blood pressure screening at a health fair, the nurse counsels which person as having the greatest risk for developing hypertension?

A. A 56-year-old man whose father died at age 62 from a stroke
B. A 30-year-old female advertising agent who is unmarried and lives alone
C. A 68-year-old man who uses herbal remedies to treat his enlarged prostate gland
D. A 43-year-old man who travels extensively with his job and exercises only on weekends

A

A. A 56-year-old man whose father died at age 62 from a stroke

44
Q

What laboratory or diagnostic studies should the nurse monitor in a patient with newly diagnosed hypertension to assess possible target organ damage?

A
  • BUN

- Creatinine

45
Q

What education must a patient be provided with when starting on antihypertensive medication?

A
  • Medication must be continued even if s/s are not present
  • Get up slowly
  • Change positions slowly
  • Don’t abruptly discontinue medications
  • Always ask if the patient is taking their medication and if they are taking it as directed
46
Q

The nurse should educate a patient with potential white coat hypertension to do what?

A

Monitor and record blood pressure at home

47
Q

A patient’s BP has not responded consistently to prescribed drugs for hypertension. The first cause of this lack of responsiveness the nurse should explore is:

A. Progressive target organ damage
B. The possibility of drug interactions
C. The patient not adhering to therapy
D. The patient’s possible use of recreational drugs

A

C. The patient not adhering to therapy

48
Q

Which beta blockers are considered non-selective and increase the patients risk for bronchospasms?

A
  • Propranolol
  • Nadolol
  • Labetalol
  • Carvedilol
49
Q

T/F: Angioedema is considered a normal side effect of ACE Inhibitors.

A
  • False

- The patient should be instructed to notify the nurse of any lip or facial swelling

50
Q

What side effects should be monitored with ACE Inhibitors?

A
  • Cough
  • Angioedema
  • Orthostatic hypotension
51
Q

What is considered the first-line drug therapy for a geriatric patient newly diagnosed with hypertension?

A

Thiazide diuretics

52
Q

An older adult diagnosed with hypertension should be educated on avoiding what drug class, as they can prevent adequate blood pressure control?

A

NSAID’s

53
Q

A patient who displays what type of symptoms is most at risk for developing a hypertensive crisis?

A

Stroke-like symptoms

Health and Illness Concepts III Nursing: N2410 (15 decks)

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