Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Endocardium
Inner lining of the heart. This layer of endothelial cells lines the chamber and valves within the heart
Myocardium
Muscle layer of the heart. This is literally the heart muscle and gives the heart the power to push the blood throughout the body
Pericardium
Membrane surrounding the heart. This membrane is actually a two-layer sac made up of visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium. This visceral layer adheres to the heart, whereas the parietal layer lines the fibrous outer portion of the pericardium. The space between the heart and the pericardium is termed the precardial space is a fluid that acts as a lubricant got the membranes as the heart beats. This fluid is called pericardial fluid
The flow of blood
Venal Cavae-right atrium-tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary valve-pulmonary arteries-lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-aortic valve-aorta-body
White lead
Green lead
Black lead
Red lead
Right front
Right rear
Left front
Left rear
P wave
Represents atrial function, specifically depolarisation or excitation of the atria
PR segment
Represents conduction through the AV node
QRS wave
Represents ventricular function, specifically the excitation of the ventricules
ST segment
Represents the end of ventricular depolarisation and the onset of ventricular depolarisation
T wave
Represents the relaxation phase from the contraction. This is the recovery (repolarisation) of the ventricles
Aorta
Largest artery in the body
Aortic valve
Valve between the left ventricle and aorta
Apex
Pointed end of the heart
Artery
A large vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Atrioventricular bundle
Specialised muscle fibres in the interventricular septum that carry electrical impulses to the ventricules. Also called the bundle of His
AV node
Specialised tissue in the interatrial septum; carries impulses from the SA node to the walls of the ventricles
AV valve
Valves between the atria and ventricles
Atrium
Two upper heart chambers
Bas
Cranial portion of the head
Bicuspid valve
Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle. Also called the mitral valve or left AV valve
Bifurcat
Splitting into two branches
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels
Carbon dioxide
Gas released by tissue cells and transported to the heart and lungs for exhalation
Coronary arteries
Supply blood and oxygen to the myocardium
Deoxygenated blood
Oxygen-poor blood
Diastole
The relaxation phase of the heartbeat
Endocardium
Inner lining of the heart
Endothelium
Epithelial cells lining the heart cavity and vessels
Myocardium
Muscle layer of the heart
Oxygen
Gas that entered the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body
Oxygenated blood
Oxygen-rich blood
Pericardium
Membrane surrounding the heart
Pulmonary artery
Artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary circulation
Flow of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart
Pulmonary valve
Valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Veins that cart oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Pulse
Heartbeat felt through the walls of the arteries. A bounding pulse is a strong and powerful pulse. A thready pulse is a pulse that’s difficult to feel
Semilunar valves
Valves between the entrances of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Referred to as semilunar because they are shaped like a half-moon
Septum
Partition
Sinoatrial node
Pacemaker of the heart
Sinus rhythm
Normal heart rhythm
Systemic circulation
Flow of blood from the body cells to the heart and back out to the body cells
Systole
Contraction phase of the heart
Valves
Structures in veins and in the heart that temporarily close an opening so that blood can flow in one direction
Vein
Thin-walled vessel that carries blood toward the heart
Vena cavae
Largest veins in the body
Ventricles
Two lower chambers of the heart
Aneurysm
Sac (dilation) formed by weakening of a blood vessel. Can lead to hemorrhage stroke
Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm. Also called dysrhythmia
Asystole
Without contraction; lack of heart activity
Atherosclerosis
Hardening of arteries due to plaque buildup
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Small hole(s) in the interatrial septum
Auscultation
Listening with a stethoscope to sounds within the body. Thoracic auscultation is often used to listen to heart and breath sounds. Abdominal auscultation is often used to listen to gut sounds
Cardiac hypertrophy (HCM)
Enlargement of the heart due to increased cell size
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart due to fluid or blood in the pericardial sac
Congenital heart disease (CHD)
Abnormalities of the heart at birth
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Heart is unable to pump it’s required of blood
Capillary refill time (CRT)
The time it takes for the mucous membranes to return to a normal pink colour after applying finger pressure
Defibrillation
Use of electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm
Echocardiogram (ECHO)
High-frequency sound waves and echoes that produce an image of the heart
Embolism
Blockage of a vessel by a clot or foreign material
Embolus
A detached, moving clot
Fibrillation
Rapid, random, and irregular contractions of the heart
Flutter
Rapid but regular contractions of the atria and ventricles. Can be further isolated as an atrial flutter or ventricle flutter depending on the Chamber involved
Heart worm disease
Infestation of the parasite Dirofilaria immitis in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries. Transmitted after a blood meal from a mosquito
Hyperemia
Excessive blood in a body part. This usually occurs due to vasodilation
Hypertension
Increased blood pressure
Hypotension
Decreased blood pressure
Hypoxia
Decreased oxygen to tissues
Infarction
Area of dead tissue
Ischemia
Lack of blood flow to tissues
Ligate
To tie off a vessel to prevent bleeding or to constrict tissue using ligature. Ligature is material such as a thread or wire.
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Displacement of the bicuspid valve leading to incomplete closure of the valve during ventricular contraction
Murmur
An extra heart sound
Occlusion
Blockage; obstruction if closure of body passage
Patent
Open; unobstructed. Term can be used to describe vessels and catheters
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Condition in which the smell duct between the aorta and pulmonary artery, which Norma,my closes after birth, remains open. The duct itself I’d called the ductus arteriosus. PDA causes continuous murmur, fatigue, and exercise intolerance. It is most common heart malformation in dogs and is most often seen in collies, shelties, old English sheepdogs, and Pomeranians
Perfusion (tissue perfusion)
Passage of fluid through the blood vessels if a specific organ; blood flow through the tissue
Pericardial effusion
Escape of fluid into the pericardial sac leading to cardiac Tamponade. An effusion is an escape of fluid and can occur anywhere in the body
Premature ventricular contraction (PVC, VPC)
Ventricles are triggered to contract by the Purkinje fibres rather than SA node
Shock
Inadequate tissue perfusion. Blood pools in the capillaries to increase the blood volume of the patient, which then decreases its flow to vital organs
Sphygmomanometer
Instrument that measures arterial blood pressure
Stent
Small expander inserted into tubular structure such as vessels to provide support and prevent collapse
Stethoscope
Instrument used to listen to sounds within the body
Tetralogy if Fallot
Congenital malformation of the heart that combines four structural defects; pulmonary artery stenosis, ventricular septal defect, aortic right shift, and right ventricular hypertrophy
Thrill
Vibration felt on palpation of the chest. Usually caused by turbulence in the heart
Thrombus
Stationary clot attached to the wall of a vessel
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Small hole(s) in the interventricular septum. Causes shunting of the blood and therefore deoxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of a vessel
Vasodilation
Expansion of a vessel
