Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Hematocrit

Answer 1

(Packed cell volume)
volume percentage of erythrocytes in a sample of centrifuged blood

Question 2

whole blood

Answer 2

Blood that is drawn directly from the body from which none of the components have been removed

Question 3

Buffy coat

Answer 3

Thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separate the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood.
1% of blood sample

Question 4

erythrocytes

Answer 4

red blood cells. (RBC)
Bottom 44% of a blood sample

Question 5

Plasma

Answer 5

top 55% of blood sample

90% = water
10% = nutrients (glucose)
electrolytes (sodium ions)
gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
wastes (urea)

Question 6

erythropoeitin (EPO)

Answer 6

PROTEIN HORMONE secreted in response to low oxygen levels that triggers the bone marrow to produce red blood cells
alternate:
hormone released by the kidneys that stimulate the myeloid stem cell to differentiate into what will eventually become a mature red blood cell.

Question 7

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 7

created by plasma proteins, namely albumin, that do not diffuse readily across the capillary membrane and serves to hold water within the vascular space

Question 8

3 Categories of plasma proteins

Answer 8

1) Albumin

2) Globulin

3) Fibrinogen

Question 9

Fibrinogen

Answer 9

• plasma protein involved in clotting
• produced in the liver
• about 7% of plasma protein

Question 10

Albumin

Answer 10

• Most abundant plasma protein, accounting for most of the osmotic pressure of plasma
• Produced and released by the liver
• Accounts for 50%-60% of total plasma protein content in blood.

Question 11

Globulins

Answer 11

Accounts for 38% of plasma protein volume

Three subtypes
1) Alpha
2) Beta
3) Gamma

Question 12

Antibodies

Answer 12

(also, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses

Question 13

colony stimulating factors

Answer 13

glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils)

Question 14

reticulocytes

Answer 14

immature erythrocyte that may still contain fragments of organelles

Question 15

rouleaux

Answer 15

collection of red blood cells resembling stacked plates

Question 16

hemoglobin

Answer 16

protein responsible for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
has four polypeptides (globins)
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains

Question 17

leukocytes

Answer 17

(WBCs) White blood cells
(also, leukocytes) one of the formed elements of blood that provides defense against disease agents and foreign materials

Question 18

granulocytes

Answer 18

Granular appearance. Includes…

1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils

Question 19

agranulocytes

Answer 19

No granular appearance…

1) Monocytes (kidney shaped nucleus)
2) lymphocytes

Question 20

diapedesis

Answer 20

(also, emigration)
process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues

Question 21

positive chemotaxis

Answer 21

process in which a cell is attracted to move in the direction of chemical stimuli

Question 22

megakaryocyte

Answer 22

• Bone marrow cell that produces platelets
• Starts as a myeloid stem cell
• eventually breaks off fragments that are platelets

Question 23

Clotting Factors

Answer 23

12 identified substances that are active in coagulation
(most are inactive enzymes produced by the liver)

Question 24

ABO blood group

Answer 24

blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface