Cardiovascular System Flashcards
also called the circulatory system, brings (O2), nutrients, water, and other substances to the body.
- It carries waste products, metabolic waste, and (Co2) away from the cells to be excreted
Cardiovascular system
cardi/o, coron/o, cordi/o
heart
vascul/o, angi/o, vas/o
vessel
-logy
study of
-ar, -ous
pertaining to
apic/o
apex
arteri/o, arter/o
artery
-um
structure
myocardi/o
myocardium
Epi-
above, on top of
Pre-
before
my/o
muscle
pector/o
chest
brady-
slow
-cardia
heart condition
cyan/o
blue
-osis
abnormal condition
tachy-
rapid
Layers of the heart wall :
- Endocardium
- Myocardium
- Epicardium
Endocardium
the inner thin endothelial layer that lines the chambers and valves.
Myocardium
the middle and thickest layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscles.
Epicardium
(visceral pericardium)
the outer layer that covers the heart.
Heart valves
The valve allows the blood to flow in one direction. There are 2 sets of valves.
- The heart has valves between the chambers and the arteries.
AV
- Atrioventricular valves
found between the atrium and ventricle.
Bicuspid
(mitral valve)
between the left atrium and left ventricle
- made up of two cusps or flaps
Tricuspid valve
between the right atrium and right ventricle
- made up of 3 cusps or flaps
SL
- Semilunar valves
found between the ventricles and arteries leading out of the heart
Pulmonary valve
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Aortic valve
between the left ventricle and the aorta
Blood vessels
create a “pipeline” for blood to move out of the body and back to the heart
Arteries
strong, stretchy, thick-walled vessels that carry blood from the heart.
Arterioles
smaller arteries that move blood to the capillaries
- also involved with maintaining the blood pressure.
Capillaries
thin-walled vessels that allow for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and other substances between the blood and cells.
Venules
collect blood from capillaries and begin the return journey to the heart.
Veins
collect blood from the venules and return blood to the heart.
a complex muscular organ that pumps blood around the body.
Heart
Apex
(pointed tip) of the heart rests just above the diaphragm.
Blood Flow
pathways or circulations
Pulmonary circulation
deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right side of the heart to the lungs, gas exchange occurs, and oxygenated blood returns to the heart.
Systemic circulation
oxygenated blood is pumped from the left side of the heart and moves through the body.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
- called the “pacemaker of the heart.”
- located in the posterior, superior wall of the right atrium.
- the electrical cells in the SA node generate the impulse that starts the heartbeat.
the cardiac cells cycle through 3 states or steps in the same sequence for each impulse
States of the cardiac cell
Polarized state
- The “waiting” stage.
- Before the impulse hits the cells, they are in a polarized state.
- There is no electrical activity during the polarized state.
Depolarized state
When the impulse hits the cells, the cells’ charges change.
Repolarized state
- Recovery phase
- The ions move back to their original location.
- This causes the cell’s charge to change.
Systole
Heart is contracting
Diastole
Heart is at rest
- atria filled with blood
Angina pectoris
Paroxysmal chest pain that is often accompanied by (SOB) and a sensation of impending doom.
Bradycardia
Slow heartbeat with ventricular contractions less than 60 bpm.
Cyanosis
A bluish or grayish discoloration of skin, nail
beds, or lips caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood.
Murmur
Abnormal heart sound heard during systole, diastole, or both, which may be described as a gentle blowing, fluttering, or humming sound.
Syncope
Fainting, loss of consciousness.
Tachycardia
Rapid heartbeat, more than 100 bpm
Claudication
Cramplike pains in the calves caused by poor circulation in the leg muscles.
Venous distention
Enlarged or swollen veins.
(SOB)
Shortness of breath
Pericardial sac
like a pillowcase for the heart and protects from friction
Septa
tissue walls between the chambers of the heart
Median cubital vein
In the arm; commonly used for phlebotomy
Septum
Thick muscular wall that divides the
heart into right and left sections
Right atrium
Receives blood from the body
Left atrium
Receives blood from the lungs
What are the 2 kinds of cardiac cells ?
– Electrical
– Myocardial
Digoxin
- Medication that decreases the heart rate
- strengthens contractions of the heart
chordae tendineae
Cordlike tendons that attach the papillary muscle to the heart valve.
Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to ?
The lungs
embolus
An air bubble, blood clot, or foreign body that travels through the bloodstream and blocks a blood vessel.
infarction
Tissue death.
thrombus
A blood clot that blocks the flow of blood.
stenosis
narrowing
_____________ are thin-walled vessels that allow for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and other substances between the blood and cells.
Capillaries
Which type of artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
A simple sugar that is absorbed by the intestines, found in the blood, and is used by cells for energy is called:
glucose
Before birth, what structure in a growing baby is responsible for shifting the majority of the blood from the umbilical vein and emptying it into the interior vena cava?
Ductus venosus
What is another term used to describe high blood pressure?
Hypertension
______________ is a temporary fall in blood pressure that occurs when a person rapidly changes from a recumbent position to a standing position.
Orthostatic hypotension
________ occurs when there is not enough blood and oxygen getting to the organs and tissues and causes very low blood pressure.
Shock
Which valve in the heart opens to allow blood to flow into the ventricle and then closes when the ventricle contracts to prevent backflow of blood into the atrium?
Atrioventricular valve
