Cardiovascular system Flashcards
congenital conditions of cardiovascular disease
ventricular septal defects
degenerative conditions of cardiovascular disease
valvular disease
infectious conditions of cardiovascular disease
heartworm disease
nutritional issues of cardiovascular disease
carnitine or taurine deficiencies in cats and dogs on grain-free diets
what are the signs of cardiovascular disease in dogs?
dyspnea, coughing, distress, weakness, distended abdomen, restlessness at night, weight fluctuations
what are the signs of cardiovascular disease in cats?
dyspnea, short raspy breathing pattern, decreased exercise tolerance, lethargy, weight changes, paralysis of legs, hiding from owners
what are some conditions that are labeled as cardiovascular diseases?
congestive heart failure (CHF), cardiac arrhythmias, alterations of blood pressure
congestive heart failure (CHF)
decreased cardiac output which leads to decreased blood flow, cells deprived of O2 and nutrients, and waste accumulates in the tissues
tends to start on 1 side
right-sided= blood accumulates in body, liver congestion= ascites
left-sided= blood accumulates in lungs causing pulmonary edema and pleural effusion
congestion
congestion= accumulation of blood
if congestion isn’t minimized, the pressure in the vessels will cause fluid to leak out into the body or lungs
seen with congestive heart failure
what conditions lead to CHF?
cardiomyopathy, hypertension, valvular disease, heartworm disease
increased heart rate adaptation to decrease cardiac output
effect: increased CO
short-term benefit: increased BP and tissue perfusion
long-term benefit: increased work and O2 demand for heart
increased inotropy adaptation to decrease CO (drug)
effect: increased SV which increases CO
short-term benefit: increased BP and tissue perfusion
long-term benefit: increased work and O2 demand
peripheral vasoconstriction adaptation to decrease CO
effect: maintained BP redirects blood to areas of greatest need
short-term benefit: maintain BP and critical body functions
long-term benefit: renal hypoperfusion and failure
salt and fluid retention adaptation to decrease CO
effect: increased blood volume
short-term benefit: maintains BP and cardiac filling
long-term benefit: hypertension promotes cardiomegaly edema and ascites pressure
cardiac arrhythmias
disruption in cardiac rate or rhythm
interfere with work of heart
disrupt cardiac output
can arise from electrolyte imbalance, decreased O2 being delivered to the cells, structural damage, accumulation of waste, acidosis
types of cardiac arrhythmias
sinus arrhythmia, supraventricular arrhythmia, atrioventricular (AV) block, ventricular arrhythmia
hypertension
leads to thickening of left ventricle
damage to arteries and arterioles
loss of kidney function due to impaired blood flow to glomeruli
hypotension
tissues aren’t receiving oxygenated blood
waste products accumulate
cells can die
functions of cardiac system
delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to various body tissues
transports waste products to waste removal systems (kidneys, lungs, liver)
cardiac output
amount of blood moved by heart
measured as the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute
depends on stroke volume and heart rate
SV x HR = CO
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected from left ventricle with each cardiac contraction
heart rate
number of contractions per minute
arteries
carries oxygenated blood away from heart to tissues
thicker walls
veins
returns blood to the heart
thinner walls
capillaries
connect arterial and venous system
single cell layer walls
perfusion
delivery of blood to capillary beds
vasodilation
widening of blood vessel lumen
vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessel lumen
