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Pharmacology II > Antineoplastic drugs > Flashcards

Antineoplastic drugs Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasm

A

cancer

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2
Q

malignant

A

can grow and spread to other parts of the body

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3
Q

oncology

A

study/treatment of tumors

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4
Q

how does cancer start?

A

single cell is genetically different –> divides and passes along abnormalities to daughter cells producing tumor/neoplasm –> then can matastasize

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5
Q

benign

A

can grow but won’t spread

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6
Q

chemotherapy

A

drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells

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7
Q

remission

A

clinically detectable tumor cells and all signs of malignancy are gone

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8
Q

pallitive

A

remission of secondary signs, typically without without an increase in animal’s survival time

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9
Q

growth fraction

A

percentage of cancer cells that are actively dividing

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10
Q

doubling time

A

time required for a number of cancer cells to double

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11
Q

nadir

A

lowest point of neutrophil and platelet counts after administration of a myelosuppressive drug

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12
Q

antineoplastic dugs

A

stop cancerous growth of malignant cells
can act on different phases of the cell cycle

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13
Q

what are the different phases of the cell cycle?

A
  1. G1 phase: enzymes produced that are needed for DNA synthesis
  2. S phase: DNA synthesis and replication
  3. G2 phase: RNA and protein synthesis
  4. M phase: mitosis phase involving cell division
  5. G0 phase: resting phase
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14
Q

types of cells found in neoplasms

A

dividing cells, temporary nondividing cells, permanent nondividing cells

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15
Q

cell-cycle nonspecific (CCNS) drugs

A

antineoplastic drugs that work during any phase of the cell cycle

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16
Q

cell-cycle specific (CCS) drugs

A

antineoplastic drugs that work during a specific phase of the cell cycle

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17
Q

can antineoplastic drugs interfere with normal cells too?

A

yes they are cytotoxic and go after all cells

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18
Q

alkylating agents

A

CCNS
causes miscoding of DNA and/or cross-linking of DNA strands to inhibit its replication
cell cycle effect: effective on all phases but mostly G1 and S
most often used for lymphoproliferative diseases, osteosarcoma, mast cell tumors, carcinomas

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19
Q

antitumor antibiotics

A

CCNS.
inhibits DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
cell cycle effect: effective on all phases but doxorubicin more effective on S phase
mostly used for lymphoproliferative diseases, sarcomas, carcinomas

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20
Q

steroids

A

CCNS
inhibits DNA synthesis, actions may include anti-inflammatory effects, suppression of bone marrow cells, reduced edema, suppression of tumor growth
cell cycle effect: effective on all phases but mostly effective at S and M phases
most often used for lymphoproliferative diseases, reproductive cancers, mast cell tumors, CNS tumors

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21
Q

antimetabolities

A

CCS
affects S phase (involving DNA synthesis), inhibits synthesis of folic acid (needed for protein synthesis and DNA), or acts as an analog of pyrimidine or purine (bases occurring in DNA/RNA) and incorporating into DNA/RNA molecule
most often used for lymphoproliferative diseases, carcinomas

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22
Q

alkaloids

A

CCS
chemicals derived from plants
stops mitosis,
aka mitotic inhibitors
cell cycle effect: effective on M phase inhibiting mitosis and causing cell death
most often used for lymphoproliferative diseases, mast cell tumors, sarcomas, carcinomas

23
Q

adverse effects of antineoplastics

A

B- bone marrow suppression (check CBC often)
A- alopecia (more prevalent in certain breeds)
G- GI symptoms
infertility: secondary to drug use, may be permanent
cardiotoxicity: damage to heart from certain drugs such as doxorubin, may be permanent
nephrotoxicity: kidney failure from certain drugs such as cisplatin may be seen especially in animals receiving pulse dosing of meds

24
Q

what should the client do if an animal experiences alopecia as an adverse effect?

A

keep pet out of the cold and avoid excessive sunlight

25
Q

what are some common GI signs that may be seen as an adverse effect of antineoplastics?

A

vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia due to drugs/nausea leaving a foul taste in mouth, nausea or vomiting can be secondary to antineoplastic use

26
Q

how is administration of antineoplastics determined?

A

depends on type of tumor, tumor’s malignancy stage, animal’s condition, owner’s financial and emotional resources

27
Q

combination therapy

A

administering multiple antineoplastics concurrently

28
Q

pulse dosing

A

method of delivering some types of chemotherapeutic drugs that produce escalating levels of drug early in dosing interval followed by prolonged dose-free period

29
Q

how are chemotherapy drug doses calculated?

A

based on body surface area because they have narrow therapeutic indexes

30
Q

routes of administration for. chemotherapy drugs

A

oral, IV, SQ, IM, topical, intracavitary, intralesional, intravesicular, intrathecal (injected into subarachnoid space in spinal cord), intra-arterial

31
Q

what type of bio-safety cabinet is used for chemotherapy drugs?

A

type II bio-safety cabinet (BSO)
used to prep drugs

32
Q

safe handling of chemotherapy drugs

A

follow NIOSH guidelines
wear PPE for handling, prepping, administering drugs and when cleaning up body fluids

33
Q

routes of exposure for chemotherapy drugs?

A

skin contact, skin absorption, inhalation of aerosols/drug particles, ingestion, needlestick injuries

34
Q

chemotherapy PPE

A

designated prep area, latex gloves, goggles/face shields, disposable gown, clean surfaces used, designated disposal area, spill kit ready

35
Q

cancer pain

A

treat underlying tumor causing pain: surgery, radiation, chemo
analgesia options: NSAIDs, opioids, glucocorticoids, local anesthetics, alpha-2 agonists, muscle relaxants
non-pharm therapies: acupuncture, hydrotherapy, massage, cold laser therapy

36
Q

paraneoplastic syndromes

A

disorders that occur when immune system has a reaction to a neoplasm
often 1st sign of malignancy
tumor associated changes in animal’s body structure and/or function that occurs distant to tumor

37
Q

what are the types of paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

similar: treat tumor and syndrome will resolve- insulinoma and hypoglycemia
not similar: syndrome needs to be treated too- hypocalcemia and a variety of tumors

38
Q

immunomodulatory drugs

A

drugs that modify the response of the immune system
immunostimulation or immunosuppression immune response

39
Q

immunostimulant drugs

A

aka biologic response modifiers (BRMs): given to animals to enhance their immune response
specific: react with selective specificity to 1 or more antigens
non-specific: activate innate immunity and promote release of endogenous immune mediators

40
Q

interferons

A

immunostimulants
group of naturally occurring proteins that have antitumor and antiviral effects
regulate lymphocyte activity and interfere with viral replication

41
Q

alpha interferons

A

type of interferon drugs
treats tumors and viral infections in cats

42
Q

colony stimulating factors (CSFs)

A

immunostimulants
stimulate growth, maturation, and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells
filgrastim: granulocyte colony stimulating factor

43
Q

interleukins

A

immunostimulants
group of chemicals that play various roles in the immune system
interleukin-2: promotes replication of antigen-specific T cells, treats mast cell tumors in dogs and fibrosarcomas in cats

44
Q

immune polysacchride

A

immunostimulants
stimulator of macrophage activity

45
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

immunostimulants
identical immunoglobin molecules that have cytotoxic effects on tumor cells
uses antibodies made in a lab, recruits cells to tumor

46
Q

biologic immunostimulant

A

modified bacterium with antitumor activity

47
Q

melanoma vaccine

A

Oncept
immunostimulants
treats oral melanomas in dogs
used after surgery and/or radiation to prevent metastases

48
Q

immunosuppressive drugs

A

interfere with 1 of the stages of the cell cycle or affect cell messengers
treats immune-mediated diseases and reduces immune response against transplanted organs

49
Q

cyclosporine

A

immunosuppressive
inhibits proliferation of T lymphocytes

50
Q

azathioprine

A

immunosuppressive
affects cells in S phase, inhibits T and B lymphocytes

51
Q

cyclophosphamide

A

immunosuppressive
interferes with DNA/RNA replication
used for immune-mediated diseases (like immune-mediated hemolytic anemia)

52
Q

enzymes

A

L-asparaginase: treats lymphomas, MCT, and thrombocytopenia

53
Q

enzyme-inhibiting drugs

A

controls growth of tumor cells
Toceranib: tyrosine kinase inhibitor, treats grade II and III/recurrent/cutaneous MCT in dogs

Pharmacology II (14 decks)

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