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Pharmacology II > Cardiac drugs > Flashcards

Cardiac drugs Flashcards

1
Q

functions of cardiac drugs

A

improve CO, maintain BP and tissue perfusion, minimize workload of the heart, decrease clinical signs, provide best quality of life

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2
Q

introphy

A

cardiac contraction force

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3
Q

positive inotropes function

A

increase contractile force

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4
Q

cardiac glycosides

A

positive inotropes
derived from natural sources
decrease heart rate
antiarrhythmic
decreases dyspnea
low margin of safety

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5
Q

antiarrhythmic

A

restores normal heart rhythm

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6
Q

cardiac glycoside examples

A

Digoxin: elixir, injectable, tablet and capsule
Digitoxin: tablet
not vet approved

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7
Q

catecholamines

A

positive inotropes
hormones produced/released from adrenal cortex
sympathomimetic
used for emergencies only

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8
Q

catecholamine examples

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine: alpha and beta receptor activity, increase glucose levels, bronchodilation, ER anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest
dopamine: precursor to norepinphrine, used for stimulating heart in acute heart failure or severe shock
dobutamine: administer as CRI, increase CO
isoproterenol: bronchial dilation, not used in vet

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9
Q

vasoconstrictors

A

increased BP by constricting the blood vessels

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10
Q

vasopressin (vasostrict)

A

vasoconstrictor drug (aka antidiuretic)
ER to treat shock (shock= decreased BP)
increases fluid retention
also treats diabetes insipidus

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11
Q

what are common adverse effects of cardiac drugs?

A

anorexia, cardiac arrhythmias, vomiting, diarrhea

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12
Q

vasodilators

A

decreased BP by dilating the blood vessels
decreases BP, arterial pressure
increases SV, CO
allows heart to eject blood easily

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13
Q

what does long term vasoconstriction do to the body?

A

causes hypertension and excessive work for the heart and decreases blood flow to the kidneys which can cause renal failure

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14
Q

what types of drugs fall under vasodilators?

A

ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), arteriole dilators, venodilators

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15
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)

A

vasodilators
controls CHF
improves tissue blood flow
decreases retention

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16
Q

ACE inhibitor examples

A

Enalapril (Enacard): FDA approved for dogs
Benazepril: not approved in US
Captopril and Lisinopril: less commonly used
*all ACE inhibitors end in -pril

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17
Q

angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)

A

vasodilators
Telmisartan (Semintra): approved in cats, fewer adverse effects than ACE inhibitors
can be harmful to human fetuses

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18
Q

arteriole dilators

A

vasodilators
Hydralazine: extra-label in vet, reduce overload and increase CO

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19
Q

venodilators

A

vasodilators
Nitroglycerin ointment: human approved, improves CO and used in right-sided failure
Nitroprusside: works mostly on veins, used for acute failure

20
Q

inodilator

A

combined inotrope and vasodilator
helps heart pump more effectively
Benzimidazole-Pyridazinones

21
Q

which Benzimidazole-Pyridazinone is used as an inodilator?

A

Pimobendan (Vetmedin)
FDA approved for dogs
used for CHF
often used with other drugs like ACE inhibitors or diuretics
used extra-label in cats

22
Q

diuretics (heart)

A

used with other drugs in CHF patients
counteracts retention of fluids
decrease plasma volume
used to alleviate exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses

23
Q

spironolactone (Aldactone)

A

diuretic
potassium sparing diuretic
oral
can be used with Furosemide

24
Q

furosemide

A

diuretic
most commonly used for CHF
loop diuretic
oral or IV

25
Q

beta-adrenergic antagonists “beta blockers”

A

antiarrhythmics to decrease HR and BP
also used as antihypertensive drugs
ex: Propranolol, Atenolol, Metorolol, Esmolol, Carvedilol

26
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

inhibit calcium movement: vasodilation and decrease cardiac muscle activity

27
Q

Amlodipine

A

more vasodilation effects than cardiac effects
often used in cats

28
Q

Diltiazem

A

used to treat tachycardia and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats

29
Q

antiarrhythmics

A

return heart to a more efficient HR and rhythm
divided into categories according to the types of arrhythmia they treat and the actions they have on the cells of the heart
effects: decrease automatic firing of SA node, alter rate of electrical impulse conduction, alter the duration of the refractory period of heart muscle between contractions

30
Q

how do cardiac arrhythmias effect a patient?

A

they disrupt coordination of cardiac muscle contractions which decreases the efficiency of cardiac contractions and CO

31
Q

Lidocaine

A

antiarrhythmic
used IV to control PVCs (premature ventricular contractions aka extra heartbeats disrupting normal rhythm) and treat ventricular tachycardia
monitor dosing closely since dogs and cats are sensitive to lidocaine toxicity

32
Q

drugs that effect blood

A

categorized by effects and goals for use:
1. stop clots from forming
2. stop/control bleeding
3. enhance blood functions

33
Q

anticoagulants

A

inhibit clot formation by inactivating 1 or more clotting factors
inhibit clotting in catheters
prevent blood samples from clotting and preserve blood transfusions
treat emboli

34
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulant
prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
treats thromboembolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
used in blood tubes and transfusion products (green top)
overdose treated with protamine sulfate

35
Q

clopidogrel bisulfate

A

anticoagulant
oral
platelet aggregation inhibitor
used in cats with CHF and HCM

36
Q

EDTA

A

anticoagulant
binds to calcium
treats lead poisoning

37
Q

coumarin derivatives

A

binds vitamin K
used for long term thromboembolism treatment
contained in rodenticide products

38
Q

aspirin

A

anticoagulant
antiplatelet activity (inhibits stickiness)
prevents thromboembolism

39
Q

blood transfusion anticoagulants

A

Acid citrate dextrose (ACD)
Citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (CPDA-1)
works by chelating calcium
chelate= create a ring-like complex

40
Q

hemostatic drugs

A

promote blood clotting
parenteral or topical

41
Q

Vitamin K

A

parenteral hemostatic

42
Q

Phytonadione

A

synthetic hemostatic
involved in clotting cascade
treatment of rodenticide activity and bleeding disorders

43
Q

Protamine sulfate

A

parenteral hemostatic
basic protein
treats heparin overdose
treats bracken fern poisoning in cattle
slow IV

44
Q

topical hemostatics

A

controls capillary bleeding
ex: silver nitrate sticks, ferrous sulfate powder, gelfoam gelatin sponge, thrombogen topical thrombin solution

45
Q

blood enhancing drugs

A

affect red blood cells
ex: iron, erythropoietin, darbepoetin, cyanocobalamin, folic acid

Pharmacology II (14 decks)

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