Cardiovascular system Flashcards
Network of blood vessels that connect the heart with the rest of the body
What circuit is it
Systemic circuit
Network of blood vessels that connect the heart to the lungs
What circuit is it
Pulmonary circuit
What does the blood vessels do in a systemic circuit
transport oxygenated blood to the tissues
-peripheral gas exchange occurs then the deoxygenated blood is transported back to the heart.
Define peripheral gas exchange
oxygen diffuse from blood into tissue which causes cellular respiration to occur
what is diffused out of tissue in systemic circulation
metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide diffuse from tissue into blood transported back to the heart and lungs for removal from the body
What is the process of gas exchange at the tissue known as
Internal respiration
What do the blood vessels do in the pulmonary circuit
deoxygenated blood which has returned to the heart to be pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated.
What type of gas exchange occur in the pulmonary circuit and what does it do
Alveolar gas exchange waste products in blood to be diffuse into alveoli and oxygen diffuse from the lungs into the blood
What is the process of gas exchange at the lungs known as
External respiration
What is the function of blood vessels and what they carries
transport blood around the body
Blood carries nutrients, gases, metabolic waste products, hormones, immune cells
Where is the heart located
mediastinum behind sternum and anatomically left
What is the tough connect tissue that surrounds the heart called
Pericardium
What are the two layers of pericardium called
Fibrous
Serous
Functions of the pericardium (4)
protect
Anchor heart
prevent overfilling
provide a friction free environments when heart beats
What is the three layers in the heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
What is the outer layer of the heart wall called and what is it made of
epicardium
connective tissue
What is the middle layer of the heart and what is it made of
myocardium
Cardiac muscle
What is the inner layer of the heart called and what is it made of
Endocardium
Simple squamous epithelium
What is the specific property of cardiac muscle
Involuntary contractions
What are the four chamber of the heart called
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Are the ventricle separated and if so how
Yes by a muscular wall called the septum
is atria plural or single
pleural
Is atrium plural or single
Single
What is the atrium
chambers that receive blood that returns to the heart
What blood does the right atrium receive from
the body
What blood does the left atrium receive from
The lungs
What is ventricle
the removal of blood in the heart by the contraction of the heart
Where does the right ventricle remove the blood into
To the lungs for gas exchange
Where does the left ventricle remove the blood into
To the rest of the body to deliver nutrients oxygen to the tissue.
When blood return to the heart from the body what vein or artery does it return from
superior and inferior vena cava
When blood flows out of the heart to the lungs through what vein or artery
pulmonary artery
Blood returns from the heart from the lungs by what vein or artery
Pulmonary vein
Blood flows out of the heart to the rest of the body by what artery or vein
Aorta
What are arteries
Thick walled and carry large volume of blood away from the heart
What does arteries branch into (4)
Arterioles then
capillaries then
venules then
veins
What is a capillary network
A capillary network is where the gas exchange occur between tissue and the blood
What are veins
Thin walled and carry large volumes of deoxygenated blood back to the heart
What tissue type is responsible for vasoconstriction in the arteries
Smooth muscle in the Tunica media
What tissue is responsible for protection of the vessel
connective tissue in the tunica externa
What tissue is responsible for blood to flow smoothly
flat epithelial cells in the tunica intimate
What is the layers called in the arteries and veins from outer, middle, inner
Outer-Tunica intima
Middle- tunica media
Inner- tunic externa
Where are elastic arteries found and what do they do
close to the heart
allow expansion and contraction which helps blood to flow smoothly have large amounts of elastic tissue.
what do muscular arteries branch from
Elastic arteries
what do muscular arteries do
They distribute blood to various parts of the body
What is the structure of muscular arteries compared to elastic
muscular arteries have more smooth muscle in the tunic media
What are arterioles made of
Smooth muscle that is surrounded by endothelium and held by collagen fibres
Smooth muscle contracts the lumen of the vessel gets smaller and less blood can flow through it
What is it called
Vasoconstriction
Smooth muscle relaxes the lumen get larger and more blood can flow through it
What is it called
Vasodilation
What is the wall like in capillaries
Thin walled one cell thick
What is the blood flow like in capillary bed and why is this useful
Blood flows slow
What gives the capillary a good place for gas exchange
large surface area
Do venules contain small volume of blood or a large volume of blood.
large volume
is blood pressure higher in arteries or in veins
Arteries
define cardiac output
total blood flow coming out of the heart
Why does blood level change
To maintain homeostasis
What areas increase in blood flow when exercising compared to the blood flow when at rest
Heart
Skeletal muscle
Skin
What areas decrease in blood flow when exercising compared to the blood flow when at rest
Kidney
Abdomen
What areas have no change in blood flow when exercising compared to the blood flow when at rest
Brain
When someone starts exercising what is needed for the body and what it creates
More oxygen and nutrients needed at the skeletal muscles to perform the work requested.
Creates ATP and energy from the mitochondria in the skeletal muscles.
What happens to blood flow when exercising
increase due to the demand of nutrients and oxygen and removing the waste products at a higher rate.
What happens to skin when exercising explain
thermoregulation.
Energy produced creates heat which given off as a metabolic bi product which needs to be removed by moving blood to the surface and cause sweating.
If heat is not removed from the body what can it cause
Hyperthermia
How many valves are in the heart
2
What do the valves do
Separate the atrium with the ventricle
Prevent back flow of blood through the response of pressure change
What is the left valve known as
Bicuspid valve
What is the right valve called
Tricuspid Valve
Is back flow a good or bad thing
Bad because blood flow and volume of blood won’t be efficient
What is the pathway between blood
Right atrium to the
Right ventricle
What is the pathway between blood
Pulmonary artery to the
Lungs
What is the pathway between blood
Pulmonary vein to the
Left atrium
What is the pathway between blood
Left ventricle to the
Aorta
What can you use to hear heart sounds
stethoscope
when listening to sounds made in the internal body is known as
Auscultation
How are heart sounds made
The amount of blood that is created in the chambers that cause the valves to shut
Where are valves not located
In arteries due to they have high blood pressure so they only move in one direction
Blood flows from a high to low throughout the circulatory system
What is it called
Pressure gradient
Contraction and relaxation squeeze veins to propel blood in the veins
what is it called
Skeletal muscle pump
Volume and pressure changes create a pressure gradient that pulls blood
What is it called
Respiratory pump
What is a pulse
A pressure wave felt in the artery that lies close to the surface of the body.
How is a pressure wave formed
Left ventricle contracting
Where does the heart gain its oxygen and nutrients from the blood by the
Coronary arteries
Where is the coronary arteries located
located on the base of the aorta and encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus
what does the coronary arteries support
myocardium
What does the left coronary artery divide into
Anterior inter ventricular artery
Circumflex artery
What does the right coronary artery divide into
Right marginal artery
Posterior inter ventricular artery
What is Venus blood
deoxygenated blood that flows from capillary blood vessels within tissue until received into larger veins to the right side of the heart
where is Venus blood collected from
Cardiac veins
What does cardiac veins join to
they join to the coronary sinus which empties blood into the right atrium
What veins are involved in the coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small Cardiac vein
What is blood pressure and what is it measured in
Pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of a blood vessel
Measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg)
What are two major terms used in blood pressure called
Systolic blood pressure
Diastolic Blood pressure
The highest blood pressure and is measured when the left ventricle is contracting and expelling blood into aorta
What blood pressure is this
Systolic blood pressure
Lowest blood pressure and is measured when the left ventricle is relaxing and blood is flowing into the peripheral blood vessel.
Diastolic blood pressure
what do you measure blood pressure with a
sphygmomanometer
What is the difference between blood pressure of aorta vs veins
Aorta pressure is much higher compared to the veins
What does Blood pressure gradient help with
The blood flow so blood can make it back to the heart
What is the pulse pressure when the
systolic pressure is 120
Diastolic pressure is 80
40 mmHg
How do you work out pulse pressure
Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure
How can you work out blood pressure
Heart rate X stroke volume
Define heart rate
The number of times the heart is beating in one minute
Define stroke volume
The amount of blood that is being expelled one act heart beat.
What is peripheral resistance
Resistance of blood as it moves through the circulatory network around the body determined by vessel diameter and length
Which increases pressure
Vasoconstriction or vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
What is vascular tone
At rest there is still state of constriction the contraction of smooth muscles of the vessels.
increase blood volume mean the blood pressure will ———–
Increase
Decrease blood volume mean the blood pressure will ———
Decrease
thick blood what will it cause for pumping and what will it do to blood pressure
Make it harder to pump
Increase blood pressure
What are the receptors called that monitor blood pressure and where are they located
baroreceptors
location- aorta
Define marey’s law
Example what will happen if blood pressure is to high
Inverse relationship between blood pressure and heart rate
eg. blood pressure high, heart rate will decrease
What is frank starling law of the heart
The force of ventricular contraction is determined by the length of the cardiac muscle fibres.
What is stroke volume
amount of blood being ejected from the ventricle during one contraction
What is the end diastolic volume
Amount of blood in the in the ventricles at the end of diastole the relaxation and filling of ventricle
What is the end systolic volume
Amount of volume in the ventricle at the end of systole after contraction and emptying of ventricles.
How do you work out stroke volume
End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
What is preload in the heart
the amount of which the ventricle muscle is stretched just before contracting
What is after load in the heart
pressure that the ventricle must overcome to push blood through the semilunar valve as the ventricle contracting
Which side of the heart has a thicker muscle wall and why
left because of the amount of pressure needed.
When exercising what happens to the carbon dioxide and what does it cause
increase Carbon dioxide cause acidosis
if the body become more acidic when exercising what receptors are detected and what happens.
Chemorecptors detect and they increase the respiratory rate to help the body achieve a steady state.
What does the Wiggers diagram do
Volume and pressure changes inside the heart during one cardiac cycle
What side of the heart does the wiggers diagram focus on
Left
What is included in a wiggles diagram
- Electrocardiogram
-Phonocardiogram (heart sounds) - Pressure volume
- Ventricular volume
What make the first heart sound
when the atrioventricular valves shut
What makes the second heart sound
When semilunar valves close
What is the dicrotic notch
located in the wiggler diagram
where there is a sudden shoot up in pressure in the aorta due to back draft in blood within the aorta towards the aortic valve
Name 3 ways pressure is used in the body to keep the flow of blood in one direction
Valves
Skeletal Muscle Pump
Respiratory pump
What is Boyle Law
Pressure of a given mass of an ideal basis inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.
When some one breathes in what happens to the
Volume of Thoracic cavity
Increase
When some one breathes in what happens to the
pressure of thoracic cavity
decreases
When some one breathes in what happens to the
diaphragm
Moves downwards which reduce the abdomen cavity
When some one breathes in what happens to the movement of blood from each cavity
Moves from the thoracic cavity to the abdomen cavity follow high to low pressure
When breathing out is it the different or the same
Reverse
How does the skeletal pump keep blood going in one direction
skeletal muscle contracts and relax
Blood vessels are squeezed so acts as a pump to move blood back to the heart
