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Unit 2 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Network of blood vessels that connect the heart with the rest of the body
What circuit is it

A

Systemic circuit

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2
Q

Network of blood vessels that connect the heart to the lungs
What circuit is it

A

Pulmonary circuit

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3
Q

What does the blood vessels do in a systemic circuit

A

transport oxygenated blood to the tissues
-peripheral gas exchange occurs then the deoxygenated blood is transported back to the heart.

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4
Q

Define peripheral gas exchange

A

oxygen diffuse from blood into tissue which causes cellular respiration to occur

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5
Q

what is diffused out of tissue in systemic circulation

A

metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide diffuse from tissue into blood transported back to the heart and lungs for removal from the body

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6
Q

What is the process of gas exchange at the tissue known as

A

Internal respiration

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7
Q

What do the blood vessels do in the pulmonary circuit

A

deoxygenated blood which has returned to the heart to be pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated.

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8
Q

What type of gas exchange occur in the pulmonary circuit and what does it do

A

Alveolar gas exchange waste products in blood to be diffuse into alveoli and oxygen diffuse from the lungs into the blood

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9
Q

What is the process of gas exchange at the lungs known as

A

External respiration

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10
Q

What is the function of blood vessels and what they carries

A

transport blood around the body
Blood carries nutrients, gases, metabolic waste products, hormones, immune cells

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11
Q

Where is the heart located

A

mediastinum behind sternum and anatomically left

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12
Q

What is the tough connect tissue that surrounds the heart called

A

Pericardium

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13
Q

What are the two layers of pericardium called

A

Fibrous
Serous

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14
Q

Functions of the pericardium (4)

A

protect
Anchor heart
prevent overfilling
provide a friction free environments when heart beats

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14
Q

What is the three layers in the heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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15
Q

What is the outer layer of the heart wall called and what is it made of

A

epicardium
connective tissue

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16
Q

What is the middle layer of the heart and what is it made of

A

myocardium
Cardiac muscle

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17
Q

What is the inner layer of the heart called and what is it made of

A

Endocardium
Simple squamous epithelium

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18
Q

What is the specific property of cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary contractions

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19
Q

What are the four chamber of the heart called

A

Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

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20
Q

Are the ventricle separated and if so how

A

Yes by a muscular wall called the septum

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21
Q

is atria plural or single

A

pleural

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22
Q

Is atrium plural or single

A

Single

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23
Q

What is the atrium

A

chambers that receive blood that returns to the heart

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24
Q

What blood does the right atrium receive from

A

the body

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25
Q

What blood does the left atrium receive from

A

The lungs

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26
Q

What is ventricle

A

the removal of blood in the heart by the contraction of the heart

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27
Q

Where does the right ventricle remove the blood into

A

To the lungs for gas exchange

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28
Q

Where does the left ventricle remove the blood into

A

To the rest of the body to deliver nutrients oxygen to the tissue.

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29
Q

When blood return to the heart from the body what vein or artery does it return from

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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30
Q

When blood flows out of the heart to the lungs through what vein or artery

A

pulmonary artery

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31
Q

Blood returns from the heart from the lungs by what vein or artery

A

Pulmonary vein

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32
Q

Blood flows out of the heart to the rest of the body by what artery or vein

A

Aorta

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33
Q

What are arteries

A

Thick walled and carry large volume of blood away from the heart

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34
Q

What does arteries branch into (4)

A

Arterioles then
capillaries then
venules then
veins

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35
Q

What is a capillary network

A

A capillary network is where the gas exchange occur between tissue and the blood

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36
Q

What are veins

A

Thin walled and carry large volumes of deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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37
Q

What tissue type is responsible for vasoconstriction in the arteries

A

Smooth muscle in the Tunica media

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38
Q

What tissue is responsible for protection of the vessel

A

connective tissue in the tunica externa

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39
Q

What tissue is responsible for blood to flow smoothly

A

flat epithelial cells in the tunica intimate

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40
Q

What is the layers called in the arteries and veins from outer, middle, inner

A

Outer-Tunica intima
Middle- tunica media
Inner- tunic externa

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41
Q

Where are elastic arteries found and what do they do

A

close to the heart
allow expansion and contraction which helps blood to flow smoothly have large amounts of elastic tissue.

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42
Q

what do muscular arteries branch from

A

Elastic arteries

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43
Q

what do muscular arteries do

A

They distribute blood to various parts of the body

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44
Q

What is the structure of muscular arteries compared to elastic

A

muscular arteries have more smooth muscle in the tunic media

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45
Q

What are arterioles made of

A

Smooth muscle that is surrounded by endothelium and held by collagen fibres

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46
Q

Smooth muscle contracts the lumen of the vessel gets smaller and less blood can flow through it
What is it called

A

Vasoconstriction

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47
Q

Smooth muscle relaxes the lumen get larger and more blood can flow through it
What is it called

A

Vasodilation

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48
Q

What is the wall like in capillaries

A

Thin walled one cell thick

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49
Q

What is the blood flow like in capillary bed and why is this useful

A

Blood flows slow

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50
Q

What gives the capillary a good place for gas exchange

A

large surface area

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51
Q

Do venules contain small volume of blood or a large volume of blood.

A

large volume

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52
Q

is blood pressure higher in arteries or in veins

A

Arteries

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53
Q

define cardiac output

A

total blood flow coming out of the heart

54
Q

Why does blood level change

A

To maintain homeostasis

55
Q

What areas increase in blood flow when exercising compared to the blood flow when at rest

A

Heart
Skeletal muscle
Skin

56
Q

What areas decrease in blood flow when exercising compared to the blood flow when at rest

A

Kidney
Abdomen

57
Q

What areas have no change in blood flow when exercising compared to the blood flow when at rest

A

Brain

58
Q

When someone starts exercising what is needed for the body and what it creates

A

More oxygen and nutrients needed at the skeletal muscles to perform the work requested.
Creates ATP and energy from the mitochondria in the skeletal muscles.

59
Q

What happens to blood flow when exercising

A

increase due to the demand of nutrients and oxygen and removing the waste products at a higher rate.

60
Q

What happens to skin when exercising explain

A

thermoregulation.
Energy produced creates heat which given off as a metabolic bi product which needs to be removed by moving blood to the surface and cause sweating.

61
Q

If heat is not removed from the body what can it cause

A

Hyperthermia

62
Q

How many valves are in the heart

A

2

63
Q

What do the valves do

A

Separate the atrium with the ventricle
Prevent back flow of blood through the response of pressure change

64
Q

What is the left valve known as

A

Bicuspid valve

65
Q

What is the right valve called

A

Tricuspid Valve

66
Q

Is back flow a good or bad thing

A

Bad because blood flow and volume of blood won’t be efficient

67
Q

What is the pathway between blood
Right atrium to the

A

Right ventricle

68
Q

What is the pathway between blood
Pulmonary artery to the

A

Lungs

69
Q

What is the pathway between blood
Pulmonary vein to the

A

Left atrium

70
Q

What is the pathway between blood
Left ventricle to the

A

Aorta

71
Q

What can you use to hear heart sounds

A

stethoscope

72
Q

when listening to sounds made in the internal body is known as

A

Auscultation

73
Q

How are heart sounds made

A

The amount of blood that is created in the chambers that cause the valves to shut

74
Q

Where are valves not located

A

In arteries due to they have high blood pressure so they only move in one direction

75
Q

Blood flows from a high to low throughout the circulatory system
What is it called

A

Pressure gradient

76
Q

Contraction and relaxation squeeze veins to propel blood in the veins
what is it called

A

Skeletal muscle pump

77
Q

Volume and pressure changes create a pressure gradient that pulls blood
What is it called

A

Respiratory pump

78
Q

What is a pulse

A

A pressure wave felt in the artery that lies close to the surface of the body.

79
Q

How is a pressure wave formed

A

Left ventricle contracting

80
Q

Where does the heart gain its oxygen and nutrients from the blood by the

A

Coronary arteries

81
Q

Where is the coronary arteries located

A

located on the base of the aorta and encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus

82
Q

what does the coronary arteries support

A

myocardium

83
Q

What does the left coronary artery divide into

A

Anterior inter ventricular artery
Circumflex artery

84
Q

What does the right coronary artery divide into

A

Right marginal artery
Posterior inter ventricular artery

85
Q

What is Venus blood

A

deoxygenated blood that flows from capillary blood vessels within tissue until received into larger veins to the right side of the heart

86
Q

where is Venus blood collected from

A

Cardiac veins

87
Q

What does cardiac veins join to

A

they join to the coronary sinus which empties blood into the right atrium

88
Q

What veins are involved in the coronary sinus

A

Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small Cardiac vein

89
Q

What is blood pressure and what is it measured in

A

Pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of a blood vessel
Measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg)

90
Q

What are two major terms used in blood pressure called

A

Systolic blood pressure
Diastolic Blood pressure

91
Q

The highest blood pressure and is measured when the left ventricle is contracting and expelling blood into aorta
What blood pressure is this

A

Systolic blood pressure

92
Q

Lowest blood pressure and is measured when the left ventricle is relaxing and blood is flowing into the peripheral blood vessel.

A

Diastolic blood pressure

93
Q

what do you measure blood pressure with a

A

sphygmomanometer

94
Q

What is the difference between blood pressure of aorta vs veins

A

Aorta pressure is much higher compared to the veins

95
Q

What does Blood pressure gradient help with

A

The blood flow so blood can make it back to the heart

96
Q

What is the pulse pressure when the
systolic pressure is 120
Diastolic pressure is 80

A

40 mmHg

97
Q

How do you work out pulse pressure

A

Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure

98
Q

How can you work out blood pressure

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

99
Q

Define heart rate

A

The number of times the heart is beating in one minute

100
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The amount of blood that is being expelled one act heart beat.

101
Q

What is peripheral resistance

A

Resistance of blood as it moves through the circulatory network around the body determined by vessel diameter and length

102
Q

Which increases pressure
Vasoconstriction or vasodilation

A

Vasoconstriction

103
Q

What is vascular tone

A

At rest there is still state of constriction the contraction of smooth muscles of the vessels.

104
Q

increase blood volume mean the blood pressure will ———–

A

Increase

105
Q

Decrease blood volume mean the blood pressure will ———

A

Decrease

106
Q

thick blood what will it cause for pumping and what will it do to blood pressure

A

Make it harder to pump
Increase blood pressure

107
Q

What are the receptors called that monitor blood pressure and where are they located

A

baroreceptors
location- aorta

108
Q

Define marey’s law
Example what will happen if blood pressure is to high

A

Inverse relationship between blood pressure and heart rate
eg. blood pressure high, heart rate will decrease

109
Q

What is frank starling law of the heart

A

The force of ventricular contraction is determined by the length of the cardiac muscle fibres.

110
Q

What is stroke volume

A

amount of blood being ejected from the ventricle during one contraction

111
Q

What is the end diastolic volume

A

Amount of blood in the in the ventricles at the end of diastole the relaxation and filling of ventricle

112
Q

What is the end systolic volume

A

Amount of volume in the ventricle at the end of systole after contraction and emptying of ventricles.

113
Q

How do you work out stroke volume

A

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

114
Q

What is preload in the heart

A

the amount of which the ventricle muscle is stretched just before contracting

115
Q

What is after load in the heart

A

pressure that the ventricle must overcome to push blood through the semilunar valve as the ventricle contracting

116
Q

Which side of the heart has a thicker muscle wall and why

A

left because of the amount of pressure needed.

117
Q

When exercising what happens to the carbon dioxide and what does it cause

A

increase Carbon dioxide cause acidosis

118
Q

if the body become more acidic when exercising what receptors are detected and what happens.

A

Chemorecptors detect and they increase the respiratory rate to help the body achieve a steady state.

119
Q

What does the Wiggers diagram do

A

Volume and pressure changes inside the heart during one cardiac cycle

120
Q

What side of the heart does the wiggers diagram focus on

A

Left

121
Q

What is included in a wiggles diagram

A
  • Electrocardiogram
    -Phonocardiogram (heart sounds)
  • Pressure volume
  • Ventricular volume
122
Q

What make the first heart sound

A

when the atrioventricular valves shut

123
Q

What makes the second heart sound

A

When semilunar valves close

124
Q

What is the dicrotic notch

A

located in the wiggler diagram
where there is a sudden shoot up in pressure in the aorta due to back draft in blood within the aorta towards the aortic valve

125
Q

Name 3 ways pressure is used in the body to keep the flow of blood in one direction

A

Valves
Skeletal Muscle Pump
Respiratory pump

126
Q

What is Boyle Law

A

Pressure of a given mass of an ideal basis inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.

127
Q

When some one breathes in what happens to the
Volume of Thoracic cavity

A

Increase

128
Q

When some one breathes in what happens to the
pressure of thoracic cavity

A

decreases

129
Q

When some one breathes in what happens to the
diaphragm

A

Moves downwards which reduce the abdomen cavity

130
Q

When some one breathes in what happens to the movement of blood from each cavity

A

Moves from the thoracic cavity to the abdomen cavity follow high to low pressure

131
Q

When breathing out is it the different or the same

A

Reverse

132
Q

How does the skeletal pump keep blood going in one direction

A

skeletal muscle contracts and relax
Blood vessels are squeezed so acts as a pump to move blood back to the heart

Unit 2 (6 decks)

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