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Unit 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood

A

Transport
Regulation
Protection

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2
Q

What are red blood cells known as

A

Erythrocytes

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3
Q

What does the blood transport and where from and where to ?
(5)
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Hormones
Heat

A

Oxygen from lungs to tissue
carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs
nutrient from digestive system to tissues

Hormones from endocrine cells to target cells

Heat and waste products from cellular respiration

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4
Q

What does the blood regulate (3)

A

Body temperature
Acid base balance (pH)

Water content of tissue

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5
Q

How does blood provides protection

A

Blood Clots to stop bacteria or virus in
White blood cells to fight infection

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6
Q

What makes up whole blood (6)

A

Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Platelets

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7
Q

What does plasma do

A

carrier for proteins through circulation.
body water balance by creating a osmotic pressure in blood vessels.

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8
Q

What happens if the blood is too acidic

A

Homeostatic mechanism will occur
Liver will make more proteins if blood is acidic
Respiratory and renal system will restore the pH of the blood

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9
Q

What does erythrocytes contain and carry

A

Haemoglobin
carry up to 4 oxygen molecules

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10
Q

What are white blood cells called

A

Leukocytes

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11
Q

What do leukocytes do

A

immune response fight invading pathogens

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12
Q

What are the type of granulocytes and what they do (3)

A

Neutrophils- phagocytise bacteria
Eosinophils- allergies kill parasites
Basophils- involved in inflammatory response of body

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13
Q

what are agranulocytes

A

Form plasma cells which produce antibodies

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14
Q

What do monocytes do

A

Phagocytise debris

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15
Q

What do platelets do

A

Involved in blood clotting response

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16
Q

when blood vessels walls rupture due to injury what do platelets form

A

Haemostasis process occur of the platelets stick to area of damage and create a platelet plug that stop bleeding and seals the break

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17
Q

What is haemopoiesis

A

Production of formed elements created in red bone marrow

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18
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

Production of erythrocytes in the red bone marrow

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19
Q

Why is it important for red blood cell numbers remain within homeostatic range

A

to little red blood cells cause a condition called hypoxia Oxygen deprivation
to many will make blood be too vicious cause harm and damage to cells.

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20
Q

What hormone stimulate the formation of erythrocytes

A

Erythropoietin

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21
Q

Where is erythropoietin released from in the body

A

Kidney

22
Q

What happens when the condition of hypoxia occur
( flow diagram)

A

negative homeostatic feed back occurs
Kidney will release erythropoietin which simulate red bone marrow
erythropoiesis increase red blood cell count which increase oxygen

23
Q

What is haemostasis

A

Responses to stop bleeding from a damaged blood vessel

24
Q

What are the three steps of haemostasis

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug
blood clotting

25
Q

What is step one of haemostasis

A

Vascular spasm
vasconstriction of blood vessels limit blood loss
increase time for the other two steps.

26
Q

What is step 2 of haemostasis

A

Platelet plug formation
Platelets stick together to form a temp plug
more platelets are migrate to the area due to chemical messengers - positive feedback system

27
Q

What is step 3 of haemostasis

A

blood clotting
reinforce platelet plug with fibrin thread that bind the platelets together.
create a fibrin mesh a blood clot that seals the blood vessels.

28
Q

Why does blood clotting cause a yellow liquid called serum

A

Blood clots traps blood formed elements the plasma has no clotting proteins

29
Q

How is fibrin mesh formed

A

In phase 1 the two district pathways intrinsic and extrinsic create a product of prothrombin activators.
activators move through phase 2 and 3 which create fibrin mesh

30
Q

Is there chemical reaction in the coagulation process and what is a key ion

A

yes enzymatic cascade
calcium key ion

31
Q

What is a important vitamin in coagulation

A

Vitamin K needed for 7 of the clotting factors

32
Q

What is haematocrit

A

The percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample

33
Q

Factors that can affect haematocrit levels

A

Dehydration
Disease conditions cause blood loss
Vitamin and mineral deficiency

34
Q

What is a antigen

A

Anything that the human body may perceive that is foreign

35
Q

What are the eight main group types

A

A+
A-
B+
B-
AB+
AB-
O+
O-

36
Q

What are the two main groups based on the antigen found on the plasma membrane of red blood cell

A

ABO
Rhesus

37
Q

what do agglutinins do

A

float in blood plasma reacts against antigens that are not recognised as own the reaction is called agglutination in body immune reaction.

38
Q

if I am blood type A what antigen and antibodies do I have

A

Antigen- A
Antibodies-B

39
Q

if I am blood type b what antigen and antibodies do I have

A

Antigen- B
Antibodies- A

40
Q

if I am blood type AB what antigen and antibodies do I have

A

Antigen AB
Antibodies None

41
Q

if I am blood type O what antigen and antibodies do I have

A

Antigens none
Antibodies A and B

42
Q

What is a transfusion reaction

A

When incompatible blood type is transfused into a individual.

43
Q

Some one is Rh- and receives Rh+ blood what can happens

A

body becomes sensitised and produce anti d antibodies no transfusion reaction will occur

44
Q

Can someone who is Rh- can they receive Rh - and Rh+ blood

A

No only can receive Rh- blood due to they produce antibodies.

45
Q

Why is a pregnant mother blood tested?

A

To see whether they are Rh - or Rh+ to see whether of a potential transfusion reaction will occur

46
Q

Mothers that is Rh- what is given to them so there is no result of transfusion reaction

A

anti d immunoglobulins that agglutinate the mother rh factor and prevent sensation

47
Q

What happen if the Mother is Rh - and kept having Rh+ babies

A

Her anti Rh antibodies would cross the placenta and destroy baby red blood cells

48
Q

Mother is Rh- and kept having Rh+ babies what disease can occur

A

Haemolytic disease of the newborn where the baby is anaemic and hypoxic and in severe cases can become brain damage or die.

49
Q

What is the universal donor which is blood that can be given to anyone

A

O negative which is blood that can be given to anyone

50
Q

What is the universal recipient who can receive any blood

A

AB+

51
Q

What can identify the cells as your and antigen or agglutinogens

A

Surface of the cell glycolipids and glycoproteins

52
Q

What is agglutinates

A

Blood clumps together
Blood cannot flow through vessels smoothly so become blocked
Donor red blood cells will be attacked and ruptured
Host red blood cells won’t function oxygen around the body
Cell tissue will become hypoxia and die

Unit 2 (6 decks)

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