Blood

Question 1

What are the 3 main functions of blood

Answer 1

Transport
Regulation
Protection

Question 2

What are red blood cells known as

Answer 2

Erythrocytes

Question 3

What does the blood transport and where from and where to ?
(5)
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Hormones
Heat

Answer 3

Oxygen from lungs to tissue
carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs
nutrient from digestive system to tissues

Hormones from endocrine cells to target cells

Heat and waste products from cellular respiration

Question 4

What does the blood regulate (3)

Answer 4

Body temperature
Acid base balance (pH)

Water content of tissue

Question 5

How does blood provides protection

Answer 5

Blood Clots to stop bacteria or virus in
White blood cells to fight infection

Question 6

What makes up whole blood (6)

Answer 6

Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Platelets

Question 7

What does plasma do

Answer 7

carrier for proteins through circulation.
body water balance by creating a osmotic pressure in blood vessels.

Question 8

What happens if the blood is too acidic

Answer 8

Homeostatic mechanism will occur
Liver will make more proteins if blood is acidic
Respiratory and renal system will restore the pH of the blood

Question 9

What does erythrocytes contain and carry

Answer 9

Haemoglobin
carry up to 4 oxygen molecules

Question 10

What are white blood cells called

Answer 10

Leukocytes

Question 11

What do leukocytes do

Answer 11

immune response fight invading pathogens

Question 12

What are the type of granulocytes and what they do (3)

Answer 12

Neutrophils- phagocytise bacteria
Eosinophils- allergies kill parasites
Basophils- involved in inflammatory response of body

Question 13

what are agranulocytes

Answer 13

Form plasma cells which produce antibodies

Question 14

What do monocytes do

Answer 14

Phagocytise debris

Question 15

What do platelets do

Answer 15

Involved in blood clotting response

Question 16

when blood vessels walls rupture due to injury what do platelets form

Answer 16

Haemostasis process occur of the platelets stick to area of damage and create a platelet plug that stop bleeding and seals the break

Question 17

What is haemopoiesis

Answer 17

Production of formed elements created in red bone marrow

Question 18

What is erythropoiesis

Answer 18

Production of erythrocytes in the red bone marrow

Question 19

Why is it important for red blood cell numbers remain within homeostatic range

Answer 19

to little red blood cells cause a condition called hypoxia Oxygen deprivation
to many will make blood be too vicious cause harm and damage to cells.

Question 20

What hormone stimulate the formation of erythrocytes

Answer 20

Erythropoietin

Question 21

Where is erythropoietin released from in the body

Answer 21

Kidney

Question 22

What happens when the condition of hypoxia occur
( flow diagram)

Answer 22

negative homeostatic feed back occurs
Kidney will release erythropoietin which simulate red bone marrow
erythropoiesis increase red blood cell count which increase oxygen

Question 23

What is haemostasis

Answer 23

Responses to stop bleeding from a damaged blood vessel

Question 24

What are the three steps of haemostasis

Answer 24

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug
blood clotting

Question 25

What is step one of haemostasis

Answer 25

Vascular spasm vasconstriction of blood vessels limit blood loss increase time for the other two steps.

Question 26

What is step 2 of haemostasis

Answer 26

Platelet plug formation Platelets stick together to form a temp plug more platelets are migrate to the area due to chemical messengers - positive feedback system

Question 27

What is step 3 of haemostasis

Answer 27

blood clotting reinforce platelet plug with fibrin thread that bind the platelets together. create a fibrin mesh a blood clot that seals the blood vessels.

Question 28

Why does blood clotting cause a yellow liquid called serum

Answer 28

Blood clots traps blood formed elements the plasma has no clotting proteins

Question 29

How is fibrin mesh formed

Answer 29

In phase 1 the two district pathways intrinsic and extrinsic create a product of prothrombin activators. activators move through phase 2 and 3 which create fibrin mesh

Question 30

Is there chemical reaction in the coagulation process and what is a key ion

Answer 30

yes enzymatic cascade calcium key ion

Question 31

What is a important vitamin in coagulation

Answer 31

Vitamin K needed for 7 of the clotting factors

Question 32

What is haematocrit

Answer 32

The percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample

Question 33

Factors that can affect haematocrit levels

Answer 33

Dehydration Disease conditions cause blood loss Vitamin and mineral deficiency

Question 34

What is a antigen

Answer 34

Anything that the human body may perceive that is foreign

Question 35

What are the eight main group types

Answer 35

A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-

Question 36

What are the two main groups based on the antigen found on the plasma membrane of red blood cell

Answer 36

ABO Rhesus

Question 37

what do agglutinins do

Answer 37

float in blood plasma reacts against antigens that are not recognised as own the reaction is called agglutination in body immune reaction.

Question 38

if I am blood type A what antigen and antibodies do I have

Answer 38

Antigen- A Antibodies-B

Question 39

if I am blood type b what antigen and antibodies do I have

Answer 39

Antigen- B Antibodies- A

Question 40

if I am blood type AB what antigen and antibodies do I have

Answer 40

Antigen AB Antibodies None

Question 41

if I am blood type O what antigen and antibodies do I have

Answer 41

Antigens none Antibodies A and B

Question 42

What is a transfusion reaction

Answer 42

When incompatible blood type is transfused into a individual.

Question 43

Some one is Rh- and receives Rh+ blood what can happens

Answer 43

body becomes sensitised and produce anti d antibodies no transfusion reaction will occur

Question 44

Can someone who is Rh- can they receive Rh - and Rh+ blood

Answer 44

No only can receive Rh- blood due to they produce antibodies.

Question 45

Why is a pregnant mother blood tested?

Answer 45

To see whether they are Rh - or Rh+ to see whether of a potential transfusion reaction will occur

Question 46

Mothers that is Rh- what is given to them so there is no result of transfusion reaction

Answer 46

anti d immunoglobulins that agglutinate the mother rh factor and prevent sensation

Question 47

What happen if the Mother is Rh - and kept having Rh+ babies

Answer 47

Her anti Rh antibodies would cross the placenta and destroy baby red blood cells

Question 48

Mother is Rh- and kept having Rh+ babies what disease can occur

Answer 48

Haemolytic disease of the newborn where the baby is anaemic and hypoxic and in severe cases can become brain damage or die.

Question 49

What is the universal donor which is blood that can be given to anyone

Answer 49

O negative which is blood that can be given to anyone

Question 50

What is the universal recipient who can receive any blood

Answer 50

AB+

Question 51

What can identify the cells as your and antigen or agglutinogens

Answer 51

Surface of the cell glycolipids and glycoproteins

Question 52

What is agglutinates

Answer 52

Blood clumps together Blood cannot flow through vessels smoothly so become blocked Donor red blood cells will be attacked and ruptured Host red blood cells won't function oxygen around the body Cell tissue will become hypoxia and die