Blood Flashcards
What are the 3 main functions of blood
Transport
Regulation
Protection
What are red blood cells known as
Erythrocytes
What does the blood transport and where from and where to ?
(5)
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Hormones
Heat
Oxygen from lungs to tissue
carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs
nutrient from digestive system to tissues
Hormones from endocrine cells to target cells
Heat and waste products from cellular respiration
What does the blood regulate (3)
Body temperature
Acid base balance (pH)
Water content of tissue
How does blood provides protection
Blood Clots to stop bacteria or virus in
White blood cells to fight infection
What makes up whole blood (6)
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Platelets
What does plasma do
carrier for proteins through circulation.
body water balance by creating a osmotic pressure in blood vessels.
What happens if the blood is too acidic
Homeostatic mechanism will occur
Liver will make more proteins if blood is acidic
Respiratory and renal system will restore the pH of the blood
What does erythrocytes contain and carry
Haemoglobin
carry up to 4 oxygen molecules
What are white blood cells called
Leukocytes
What do leukocytes do
immune response fight invading pathogens
What are the type of granulocytes and what they do (3)
Neutrophils- phagocytise bacteria
Eosinophils- allergies kill parasites
Basophils- involved in inflammatory response of body
what are agranulocytes
Form plasma cells which produce antibodies
What do monocytes do
Phagocytise debris
What do platelets do
Involved in blood clotting response
when blood vessels walls rupture due to injury what do platelets form
Haemostasis process occur of the platelets stick to area of damage and create a platelet plug that stop bleeding and seals the break
What is haemopoiesis
Production of formed elements created in red bone marrow
What is erythropoiesis
Production of erythrocytes in the red bone marrow
Why is it important for red blood cell numbers remain within homeostatic range
to little red blood cells cause a condition called hypoxia Oxygen deprivation
to many will make blood be too vicious cause harm and damage to cells.
What hormone stimulate the formation of erythrocytes
Erythropoietin
Where is erythropoietin released from in the body
Kidney
What happens when the condition of hypoxia occur
( flow diagram)
negative homeostatic feed back occurs
Kidney will release erythropoietin which simulate red bone marrow
erythropoiesis increase red blood cell count which increase oxygen
What is haemostasis
Responses to stop bleeding from a damaged blood vessel
What are the three steps of haemostasis
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug
blood clotting
What is step one of haemostasis
Vascular spasm
vasconstriction of blood vessels limit blood loss
increase time for the other two steps.
What is step 2 of haemostasis
Platelet plug formation
Platelets stick together to form a temp plug
more platelets are migrate to the area due to chemical messengers - positive feedback system
What is step 3 of haemostasis
blood clotting
reinforce platelet plug with fibrin thread that bind the platelets together.
create a fibrin mesh a blood clot that seals the blood vessels.
Why does blood clotting cause a yellow liquid called serum
Blood clots traps blood formed elements the plasma has no clotting proteins
How is fibrin mesh formed
In phase 1 the two district pathways intrinsic and extrinsic create a product of prothrombin activators.
activators move through phase 2 and 3 which create fibrin mesh
Is there chemical reaction in the coagulation process and what is a key ion
yes enzymatic cascade
calcium key ion
What is a important vitamin in coagulation
Vitamin K needed for 7 of the clotting factors
What is haematocrit
The percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample
Factors that can affect haematocrit levels
Dehydration
Disease conditions cause blood loss
Vitamin and mineral deficiency
What is a antigen
Anything that the human body may perceive that is foreign
What are the eight main group types
A+
A-
B+
B-
AB+
AB-
O+
O-
What are the two main groups based on the antigen found on the plasma membrane of red blood cell
ABO
Rhesus
what do agglutinins do
float in blood plasma reacts against antigens that are not recognised as own the reaction is called agglutination in body immune reaction.
if I am blood type A what antigen and antibodies do I have
Antigen- A
Antibodies-B
if I am blood type b what antigen and antibodies do I have
Antigen- B
Antibodies- A
if I am blood type AB what antigen and antibodies do I have
Antigen AB
Antibodies None
if I am blood type O what antigen and antibodies do I have
Antigens none
Antibodies A and B
What is a transfusion reaction
When incompatible blood type is transfused into a individual.
Some one is Rh- and receives Rh+ blood what can happens
body becomes sensitised and produce anti d antibodies no transfusion reaction will occur
Can someone who is Rh- can they receive Rh - and Rh+ blood
No only can receive Rh- blood due to they produce antibodies.
Why is a pregnant mother blood tested?
To see whether they are Rh - or Rh+ to see whether of a potential transfusion reaction will occur
Mothers that is Rh- what is given to them so there is no result of transfusion reaction
anti d immunoglobulins that agglutinate the mother rh factor and prevent sensation
What happen if the Mother is Rh - and kept having Rh+ babies
Her anti Rh antibodies would cross the placenta and destroy baby red blood cells
Mother is Rh- and kept having Rh+ babies what disease can occur
Haemolytic disease of the newborn where the baby is anaemic and hypoxic and in severe cases can become brain damage or die.
What is the universal donor which is blood that can be given to anyone
O negative which is blood that can be given to anyone
What is the universal recipient who can receive any blood
AB+
What can identify the cells as your and antigen or agglutinogens
Surface of the cell glycolipids and glycoproteins
What is agglutinates
Blood clumps together
Blood cannot flow through vessels smoothly so become blocked
Donor red blood cells will be attacked and ruptured
Host red blood cells won’t function oxygen around the body
Cell tissue will become hypoxia and die
