CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1

Question 1

what are the formed elements in the blood

Answer 1

RBC, WBC and platelets

Question 2

what are erythrocytes

Answer 2

red blood cells

Question 3

what are leukocytes

Answer 3

white blood cells

Question 4

what are platelets

Answer 4

essential for blood vessel repair and also provide growth factors for healing and repair

Question 5

what is viscosity

Answer 5

it measures fluids thickness and resistance to flow. it is influenced by the plasma proteins

Question 6

what is alubmin

Answer 6

most abundant plasma proteins, manufactured by the liver. they maintain blood volume and pressure.

Question 7

what is hematopoiesis

Answer 7

process of forming a blood cell

Question 8

what is a hematocrit

Answer 8

measures the percentage of red blood cells

Question 9

what is polycythemia

Answer 9

over production of erythrocytes - increases the viscosity and makes it harder for blood to circulate

Question 10

what is thrombocytosis

Answer 10

where you have too may platelets. can cause you to form unwanted clots

Question 11

what is thrombocytopenia

Answer 11

when there is a insufficient number of platelets . excessive bleeding may occur

Question 12

what is hemostasis

Answer 12

the process where blood seals a ruptured vessel

Question 13

what’s fibrinolysis

Answer 13

gradual degradation of the clot

Question 14

what do anticoagulants do

Answer 14

oppose coagulation

Question 15

what is hemophilia

Answer 15

genetic disorder that results due to the inability to synthesize sufficient abmounts of factor 3

Question 16

what is a thrombus

Answer 16

an aggregation of formed elements typically trapped within a mass of fibrin strands

Question 17

what is an embolus

Answer 17

a piece of the thrombus broken off that enters circulation

Question 18

what is an embolism

Answer 18

if an embolus blocks a blood vessel to a major organ

Question 19

what is the pulmonary circuit

Answer 19

transports blood to and from the lungs

Question 20

what is the systemic circuit

Answer 20

transports oxygenated blood to all tissues.

Question 21

what is an artery

Answer 21

a blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart.

Question 22

what is an arteriole

Answer 22

a very small blood vessel that leads to a capillary

Question 23

what is a venule

Answer 23

an extremely small vein, multiple venules join to form a vein

Question 24

what is a vein

Answer 24

blood vessel that conducts blood to the heart

Question 25

what are the 3 main functions of blood

Answer 25

transportation, defence and maintenance of homeostasis

Question 26

why are erythrocytes biconcave

Answer 26

to help squeeze through capillaries and they have a greater surface area across which gas exchange can occur

Question 27

what are the three steps in hemostasis

Answer 27

vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug and coagulation

Question 28

what are vascular spasms

Answer 28

occur when a vessel is severed or punctured. the longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle contract dramatically. spasms are triggered by endothelia’s (endothelial cell sand pan receptors)

Question 29

how is a platelet plug formed

Answer 29

platelets encounter the area of. vessel rupture with the exposed underlying connective tissues and collagenous fibres. the platelets clump together to the sticky and exposed collagen and endolthelial lining. adenine diphosphate, serotonin and prostoglandins are involved

Question 30

what does adenine diphosphate do in platelet plugformation

Answer 30

helps additional platelets to adhere to the injury site, expanding the plug

Question 31

what does serotonin do in platelet plug formation

Answer 31

maintains vasoconstriction

Question 32

what doing prostaglandins and phospholipids do in platelet plug formation

Answer 32

help activate further clotting chemicals

Question 33

what is coagulation

Answer 33

the formation of a blood clot. made up of mesh fibrin (protein derived from fibrinogen) and that’s where the platelets and the blood cells get trapped

Question 34

what are the two pathways of coagulation

Answer 34

extrinic and intrinsic

Question 35

what is fibrinolysis

Answer 35

series of reactions that inactivate protein plaminogen converts into active plasmin which gradually breaks down the clot.

Question 36

what do plasma coagulants do

Answer 36

oppose coagulation

Question 37

what is the flow of blood

Answer 37

exits the heart via arteries - lens to arterioles - lead to capillaries - lead to venues 0 lead to veins then back to the heart

Question 38

what is a lumen

Answer 38

a hallow passage way which blood flows

Question 39

what are the three layers in blood vessels from interior to exterior

Answer 39

tunica itima tunica media and tunica external.

Question 40

what is the tunica itima made up of

Answer 40

simple squamous epithelial cells called enothelia

Question 41

what is the tunica media made up of

Answer 41

composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue and is the thicket layer in the arteries. smooth muscle is circular and longitudinal

Question 42

what is the tunica externa composed of

Answer 42

composed of connective tissue with lots of collagen and elastin fibres. the thickest layer in the veins

Question 43

what is perfusion

Answer 43

when a capillary exchanged gas and other substances between the blood in capillaries and the surrounding cells and interstitial fluid.

Question 44

what do capillary walls consist of

Answer 44

endothelial layers surrounded by a basement membrane

Question 45

what are the three types of capillaries

Answer 45

continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid.