Cardiovascular Risk Factors and complications Flashcards
What are the major risk factors for coronary artery disease?
smoking/tobacco use
poor diet
high blood cholesterol
high blood pressure
insufficient physical activity
overweight/obesity
diabetes
psychosocial stress (linked to people’s ability to influence the potentially stressful environments in which they live)
excess alcohol consumption
Risk factors for ventricular fibrillation?
Irritable ventricular cells (hyper/hypo -kalemia/calcemia/natremia)
Myocardial scarring (Previous MI)
Cardiomyopathy (History of CAD or genetic disorder of heart)
Ventricular tachycardia
Supraventricular tachycardia risk factors?
CAD HF COPD PE Smoking Alcoholism Hyperthyroidism Digitalis Inherited cardiac conditions
Atrial fibrillation risk factors?
Increasing age Atrial disease Cardiac inflammation Valvular disease (aortic/mitral stenosis/regurgitation) HF HTN Hormonal abnormalities Alcoholism
What are common complications of an MI?
Overall = reduced contractility, electrical instability and tissue necrosis
Brady/Tachy-arrhythmias: Ventricular fibrillation,ventricular tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia (ionic imbalances and disruption to conduction)
Cardiac arrest
Cardiogenic shock (heart can’t meet body’s demands)
Left/right ventricular failure (structural integrity undermined)
Pericarditis (inflammatory reaction to necrosis)
Systemic embolism (stasis of blood)
Cardiac tamponade (Rip occurs due to necrosis)
Mitral regurgitation (valve/papillary muscles/chordae tendineae damaged)
Ventricular septal defect (septum damaged, causing mixing of blood in the ventricles, causing hypoxaemia and pulmonary HTN)
What are the complications of hypertension?
Nephropathy (chronic kidney disease) Stroke (+2mmhg = +10% risk) Heart failure Cognitive decline Retinopathy Cerebrovascular disease Ischemic heart disease (+2mmhg = +7% risk) Death
Urgencies:
Left ventricular failure
Aortic dissection
Hypertensive encephalopathy
What are the risk factors for (both acute and chronic) heart failure?
(Think of each part of the body, including the blood)
Increasing age
History of congestive HF
History of valvular disease
History of arrhythmias
HTN
Pericardial disease
Current valvular disease
Arrhythmias
DM T1/2
Pregnancy
Alcohol excess
Anaemia
Hypothyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis
MI
Dyslipidaemia
Pulmonary embolism
Infection
Family history of HOCM
Dilated cardiomyopathy or HOCM
Anaemia
Drugs: Steroids, cocaine and NSAIDS
What are the complications of heart failure? (Both acute and chronic)
Arrhythmias: VT, VF, AF
Hypotension - due to diuretics
Chronic renal insufficiency- poor perfusion
VTE/Stroke
Anaemia
Acute renal failure
Hepatic dysfunction - due to congestion
Pulmonary oedema
Pleural effusion
Death - decompensated HF has 30-50% 1 year mortality
What are the risk factors for infective endocarditis?
- think of ways that infection can be delivered to the heart, it’s not especially easy
IVDU
Prior hx of IE
Heart valve replacement
Congenital heart disease: bicuspid aortic valve
Heart transplant
Presence of in-dwelling catheters (haemodialysis etc)
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What are the complications of infective endocarditis?
Chronic heart failure
Acute heart failure
Systemic emboli: stroke, DVT
Valvular dehiscence (wound rupture along a surgical incision)
Valvular rupture or fistula
Mycotic aneurysm (infected aneurysm)
Which arteries are attached to the coeliac artery and immediately at risk if the coeliac is impaired during an AAA?
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
What are the risk factors for peripheral vascular disease?
Increasing age (a natural process)
Male
Family history of PVD
Smoking
HTN
High cholesterol
DM T1/2
What are the risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms?
Male
Over 60 (1 in 25 over 65’s have an AAA)
Hypertension and smoking together
Family history of AAA
What are the risk factors for abdominal aortic dissection?
Male
Age 60 or more
