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Exercise Phys > Cardiovascular Response to Exercise > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

How fast does the SA node make the heart beat alone

A

100 bpm

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2
Q

What mechanoreceptors send signals to the ventrolateral medulla (3)

A
  1. Arotic and carotid
  2. Cardiac
  3. Skeletal muscle
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3
Q

What metaboreceptors send signals to the ventrolateral medulla (1)

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
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4
Q

What else sends information to the ventrolateral medulla (1)

A
  1. Higher brain centers
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5
Q

What is another name for the ventrolateral medulla

A

Cardiovascular center

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6
Q

What does the ventrolateral medulla control

A

HR

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7
Q

What does HR typically increase with in a linear fashion

A

Work rate and oxygen uptake

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8
Q

What does the magnitude of increase for HR depend on (8)

A
  1. Age
  2. Body position
  3. Fitness level
  4. Type of activity
  5. Presence of disease
  6. Medications
  7. Blood volume
  8. Environmental factors
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9
Q

How do you calculate your max HR

A

220-age (+/- 10 bpm)

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10
Q

What happens if workload or oxygen uptake increases

A

HR increase

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11
Q

At submaximal work why can we use HR to estimate VO2 max

A

Because oxygen uptake and HR have a direct relationship

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12
Q

What do beta blockers do

A

Reduce stress on cardiovascular system by suppressing the sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)

A

Volume of blood ejected from the heart per beat

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14
Q

How do you calculate SV

A

SV=EDV-ESV

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15
Q

What is the normal range of SV

A

60-100ml/beat

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16
Q

What is the maximum SV range

A

100-120ml/beat

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17
Q

What is the contraction phase

A

Systole

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18
Q

What is the resting/filling phase

A

Diastole

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19
Q

What are the 3 ways to increase SV during exercise

A
  1. Increase filling
  2. Increase contraction
  3. Training adaptions that increase BV and reduce resistance to flow
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20
Q

What is preload of the heart

A

Amount of blood in the ventricle before filling

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21
Q

What things increase preload of the heart (2)

A
  1. Increased venous return

2. Slow heart rate

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22
Q

Frank-Starling law of the heart states what

A

The force of contraction of cardiac muscle remains proportional to its initial resting length

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23
Q

What does SV increase curvinlinearly with

A

Work rate

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24
Q

Where does SV reach it’s maximum

A

About 50% of aerobic capacity

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25
Q

What can happen to SV at higher intensities

A

Decrease

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26
Q

How can SV decrease at higher intensities

A

Because HR is so high that the ventricles can completely fill

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27
Q

What is Q

A

Cardiac output

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28
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart during a 1 minute period

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29
Q

What does cardiac output reflect

A

The functional capacity of the cardiovascular system

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30
Q

How do you solve for cardiac output

A

Q=HR*SV

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31
Q

What is the cardiac output for men and women at rest

A

Men: 5L
Women: 4L

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32
Q

What is the average HR for men and women

A

Men: 70bpm
Women: 70bpm

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33
Q

What is the average SV for men and women

A

Men: 71.4ml
Women: 50-60ml

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34
Q

What portion of the cardiac output goes to the muscle tissues at rest

A

About 1/5

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35
Q

What does Q increase linearily with

A

Work rate

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36
Q

At exercise intensities up to 50% VO2 max what are increases in cardiac output do to

A

Increases in HR and SV

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37
Q

At exercise intensities above 50% VO2 max what are increases in cardiac output do to

A

Solely HR

38
Q

What is 50% VO2 max equivalent to

A

Moderate exercise

39
Q

During exercise what causes blood to route to the active muscles (2)

A
  1. Hormonal vascular regulation

2. Local metabolic conditions

40
Q

At rest how much of the oxygen in the blood flowing through the coronary circulation does the myocardium use

A

About 75%

41
Q

During exercise how much does the myocardial blood flow increase

A

Four to fivefold

42
Q

How much does cerebral blood flow increase during exercise

A

About 25-30%

43
Q

What does a low maximal oxygen consumption correlate with

A

A low maximum cardiac output

44
Q

How much extra blood flow accompanies a 1L increase in oxygen consumption

A

5-6L

45
Q

Increase in maximum cardiac output accompanies increases in what during endurance training

A

VO2 max

46
Q

What happens if we pump more blood through the system

A

We have a greater capacity to carry oxygen increasing aerobic exercise

47
Q

Changes in cardiac output dictate changes in what

A

VO2 max

48
Q

As exercise intensity increases what happens to systolic BP

A

It increase

49
Q

What does MET mean

A

Metabolic equivalent

50
Q

What is maximal systolic BP

A

190-220 mmHg

51
Q

What should systolic BP not exceed

A

250 mmHg

52
Q

What should diastolic BP not exceed

A

115 mmHg

53
Q

What is the arterial blood oxygen content at rest

A

20 mL/dL

54
Q

Does arterial blood oxygen stay the same throughout exercise or change

A

Stays relatively the same

55
Q

What is the venous oxygen content at rest

A

12-15 mL/dL

56
Q

What is the venous oxygen content during exercise

A

2-4 mL/dL

57
Q

What is the a-v O2 difference

A

The difference between arterial oxygen and venous oxygen

58
Q

What does the difference between arterial oxygen and venous oxygen equal

A

The amount of oxygen that was off loaded at the tissue

59
Q

True or False:

You never offload all of the oxygen

A

True

60
Q

True or False:

You always reach full arterial O2 capacity

A

False

61
Q

How is a-vO2 difference increased with exercise (3)

A
  1. Cardiac output is diverted to the active tissue
  2. Some tissues temporarily decrease their blood supply
  3. Central circulation is redirected to active muscles
62
Q

What are other factors that affect a-vO2 difference during exercise (5)

A
  1. Increase in skeletal muscle microcirculation
  2. Increased capillary to fiber ratio
  3. Increase in the size and number of mitochondria
  4. Aerobic enzyme activity
  5. Local vascular and metabolic improvements
63
Q

What is the gradual time-dependent downward “drift” in several cardiovascular responses

A

Cardiovascular drift

64
Q

What is an example of cardiovascular drift

A

SV with concomitant HR increase during steady rate exercise

65
Q

How long does the sub maximal exercise have to be to see an increase in HR

A

30+ minutes

66
Q

Why does HR increase with exercise

A

You lose plasma volume, which decreases blood volume, and you make up for the lose by increase in HR

67
Q

What happens to HR and BP during resistance training which includes eccentric and concentric phase

A

They increase

68
Q

What are the peak values for BP and HR for a two legged leg press at 95% 1 rep max with the valsalva manuever

A

BP: 320/250 mmHg
HR: 170 bpm

69
Q

Does SV increase during concentric or eccentric phase

A

Concentric phase: Slightly

Eccentric phase: Increases significantly

70
Q

Why does cardiac output increase

A

SV

71
Q

What is MVC

A

Maximum voluntary contraction

72
Q

What is SBP

A

Systolic blood pressure

73
Q

What is DBP

A

Diastolic blood pressure

74
Q

What does isometric contractions at 20% of MVC increase

A

SBP, DBP, and HR

75
Q

Above 20% MVC what happens to HR

A

It increases in relation to tension exerted

76
Q

What happens to SBP above 20% MVC

A

Abruptly increases

77
Q

What happens to SV at 50% MVC

A

Increases slightly

78
Q

What happens to cardiac output during isometric contractions

A

Moderately increases

79
Q

What is the highest oxygen consumption during arm exercise

A

20-30% lower than leg exercise

80
Q

True or False:

Arm exercises produce lower maximal values for heart rate and pulmonary ventilation

A

True

81
Q

Why is the highest oxygen consumption lower for the arms

A

Smaller muscle mass activated in arm exercise

82
Q

True or False:

There is higher oxygen consumption during arm exercise at all submaximal power outputes

A

True

83
Q

What are some factors that produce additional oxygen cost at higher intensity exercises (2)

A
  1. Lower mechanical efficiency in the upper body exercise

2. Recruitment of musculature to stabilize torso

84
Q

What is RPE

A

Rating of perceived exertion

85
Q

What are the 2 factors that affect RPE

A
  1. Insufficient energy use

2. Smaller muscle size

86
Q

How do arm exercise compare to leg exercise relative to work load (3)

A
  1. Higher HR
  2. Higher O2 consumption
  3. Higher rate of perceived exertion
87
Q

What type of relationship do oxygen and power output have

A

Direct relationship

88
Q

What is strained more during any level of oxygen consumption or work load lower body or upper body

A

Upper body

89
Q

Submaximal arm exercises produce higher what (4)

A
  1. HR
  2. Pulmonary ventilations
  3. Perception of effort
  4. BP
90
Q

What does the elevated HR during submaximal arm exercises result from (2)

A
  1. Greater feed forward stimulation

2. Increased feedback stimulation

91
Q

How long does it take for changes in cardiovascular function to occur

A

8-12 weeks

92
Q

What are the factors that affect changes in cardiovascular function (8)

A
  1. Increased plasma volume
  2. Decreased submaximal exercise HR
  3. Increased SV during rest and exercise
  4. Increased maximal CO
  5. Increased oxygen extraction
  6. Increased coronary blood flow and capillary exchange capacity
  7. Decreased BP during rest and submaximal exercise
  8. Improvements in blood flow distribution

Exercise Phys (8 decks)

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