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Exercise Phys > Cardiopulmonary System > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the amount of air moved during the inspiratory or expiratory phase of breathing

A

Tidal volume

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2
Q

What is the normal range of tidal volume

A

0.4-1.0L per breath

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3
Q

What is amount of air you can take in after TV inspiration

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

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4
Q

What is the normal IRV

A

2.5-3.5L

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5
Q

What is the amount of air you can exhale after TV expiration

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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6
Q

What is the normal ERV

A

1.0-1.5L

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7
Q

What is the volume of air in the lungs after exhaling as deeply as possible

A

Residual lung volume

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8
Q

What is the normal RLV for women

A

0.8-1.2L

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9
Q

What is the normal RLV for men

A

0.9-1.4L

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10
Q

True or False:

RLV decreases with age

A

False

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11
Q

What does the RLV allow for

A

Uninterrupted exchange of gas between the blood and alveoli to prevent fluctuations in blood gases during phases of breathing cycle

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12
Q

What is the RLV+FVC

A

Total lung capacity

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13
Q

What does the functional vital capacity equal

A

TV+IRV+ERV

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14
Q

Does TV increase or decrease overtime with exercise

A

Increase

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15
Q

As TV increases during exercise what happens to ERV and IRV

A

They decrease

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16
Q

Why do ERV and IRV decrease during exercise

A

Because TV increases using part of these reserves

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17
Q

What percent of the total lung capacity does TV use during exercise

A

About 50%

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18
Q

What percent of the total lung capacity does the TV use at rest

A

About 10%

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19
Q

What is the average minute ventilation

A

6L

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20
Q

What is the amount of air taken in over a period of time

A

Minute ventilation (Ve)

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21
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate

A

12 bpm

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22
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation

A

Breathing rate*TV

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23
Q

How can you increase minute ventilation

A

Increasing breathing rate or TV or both

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24
Q

What can breathing rate increase to during strenuous exercise in healthy young adults

A

35-45 bpm

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25
Q

What can breathing rate increase to during strenuous exercise in elite endurance athletes

A

60-70 bpm

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26
Q

True or False:

TV for trained and untrained individuals rarely exceed 60% of the VC

A

True

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27
Q

What is the volume of air that includes the ERV and RLV

A

Functional residual volume

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28
Q

True or False:

To increase minute ventilation it is more effective to increase breathing rate

A

True

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29
Q

What is the portion of air reaching the alveoli and participating in gas exchange

A

Alveolar ventilation

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30
Q

How much of the 500mL of air that is inspired is mixed with existing alveolar air

A

350mL

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31
Q

How much of the 500mL of air that is inspired makes up the anatomical dead space

A

150-200mL

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32
Q

What is the space of air that is inspired but not used in respiration

A

Anatomical dead space

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33
Q

What is the ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow

A

Ventilation-perfusion ratio (V:P)

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34
Q

How many liters of air ventilates the alveoli each minute at rest

A

About 4.2L

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35
Q

How many liters of blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries

A

About 5.0L

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36
Q

What is the average V:P

37
Q

What does a ventilation perfusion rate of 0.84 mean

A

For every liter of blood 0.84L of air enter the blood

38
Q

What is the V:P during light exercise

A

About 0.8L

39
Q

What is the V:P during intense exercise

40
Q

What describes the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen consumption

A

Ventilatory equivalent

41
Q

How do you solve for ventilatory equivalent

42
Q

What is the ventilatory equivalent for healthy young adults during submaximal exercise

43
Q

What does a ventilatory equivalent of 25L equate to for VO2 max

44
Q

What is the ventilatory equivalent for children

45
Q

Ventilatory equivalent determines what

A

How hard a person is working

46
Q

What is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken in and used

47
Q

What does VO2 max measure

A

Maximal ability to work aerobically or aerobic capacity

48
Q

What is the normal VO2 max for men and women

A

Men: Mid 40L
Women: Upper 30L

49
Q

What is the VO2 max for athletic men and women

A

Men: Low to mid 90L
Women: Mid 80L

50
Q

True or False:

O2 consumption plateaus or increases slightly with additional increases in exercise intensity

51
Q

What initiate and modulate exercise alveolar ventilation

A

Combined effects of several chemical and neural stimuli

52
Q

What are the phases of minute ventilation in exercise and recovery (3)

A

Phase 1: Neurogenic stimuli from cerebral cortex and feedback from active limbs stimulate medulla to increase ventilation abruptly
Phase 2: After a short plateau Ve rises exponentially to reach steady state
Phase 3: Fine tuning of steady state thru peripheral sensory feedback

53
Q

Phases of minute ventilation in exercise and recovery dumbed down version (3)

A

Phase 1: Start thinking about exercise brain tells you to increase breathing
Phase 2: Trying to reach a balance of O2 available and O2 recovered
Phase 3: Body constantly adjusts requirements to meet demands of exercise level

54
Q

What does the abrupt decline in ventilation when exercise ceases reflect (2)

A
  1. Removal of the central command drive

2. Sensory input from previously active muscles

55
Q

What happens when we stop exercising

A

Continue to breath deeper, but slower to make up O2 deficit

56
Q

What does the slow recovery phase result from (2)

A
  1. Gradual diminution of the short term potentiation of the respiratory center
  2. Reestablishment of the body’s normal metabolic, thermal, and chemical millieu
57
Q

True or False:

During light to moderate exercise ventilation increases linearly with oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production

58
Q

What is the amount of air for each liter of oxygen consumed

59
Q

During light to moderate exercises ventilation increases with what

A

Mainly through increases in tidal volume

60
Q

During higher intensity exercises what causes increases in ventilation

A

Breathing frequency

61
Q

What happens to Ve during intense sub maximal exercise

A

Moves sharply upwards and increases disproportionately in relation to oxygen consumption

62
Q

During intense sub maximal exercise what can the ventilatory equivalent equal

63
Q

What describes the highest O2 consumption or exercise intensity achieved with less than 1.0mM increase in [blood lactate] above pre-exercise levels

A

Lactate threshold

64
Q

What does OBLA stand for

A

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation

65
Q

What does OBLA signify

A

Signifies when blood lactate concentration systematically increases to 4.0mM

66
Q

What 4 factors could result in a threshold of lactate appearance

A
  1. Imbalance between the rate of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration
  2. Decreased redox potential (increased NADH relative to NAD+)
  3. Lower blood oxygen content
  4. Lower blood flow to skeletal muscle
67
Q

What is the point where respiration increases exponentially

A

Ventilatory threshold

68
Q

What provides a submaximal exercise measure of aerobic fitness that relates to the beginning of anaerobisis in active muscles

69
Q

True or False:

OBLA occurs without significant metabolic acidosis or sever cardiovascular strain

70
Q

Does improved endurance performance with training more closely relate to training induced improvement in exercise level for OBLA or VOs max

71
Q

True or False:

Intense exercise leads to an imbalance between the glycolytic and aerobic system

72
Q

What does imbalance between glycolytic and aerobic system cause

A

Excess production of H+ in the extracellular fluid and plasma

73
Q

What does increased [H+] stimulate

A

Respiratory center to increase alveolar ventilation

74
Q

What does increased alveolar ventilation cause

A

CO2 to blown off (exhaled)

75
Q

What are increases in ventilation directly proportional to

A

Increase in oxygen consumed

76
Q

At extremely high intensities what happens

A

Ventilation increases disproportionately to VO2

77
Q

During high intensities the disproportional increase in ventilation compared to VO2 parallels what

A

The abrupt nonlinear increase in serum lactate and VCO2

78
Q

True or False:

Ventilation is regulated more by the need to remove CO2

79
Q

During submaximal exercise ventilatory levels may be reduced by how much

80
Q

During maximal exercise maximal minute ventilation may increase by what

81
Q

True or False:
We do not change the volume of or lungs we just improve how efficient we are at getting oxygen to muscles and other tissues

82
Q

True or False:

Blood lactate levels throughout submaximal levels are reduced secondary to training

83
Q

How much can maximal oxygen consumption increase by with moderate endurance training

84
Q

What regulates pulmonary ventilation (2)

A

CO2 levels and CNS

85
Q

How does pulmonary ventilation respond to exercise

A

Change depth and rate of breathing

86
Q

True or False:

At high intensity exercises we have a disproportionate rate of breathing

87
Q

True or False:

At light to moderate intensity exercises we are able to get our O2 requirements from increasing tidal volume

88
Q

Do trained individuals have more efficient or inefficient metabolism

A

More efficient

Exercise Phys (8 decks)

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