Cardiopulmonary System Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
What is the amount of air moved during the inspiratory or expiratory phase of breathing
A
Tidal volume
2
Q
What is the normal range of tidal volume
A
0.4-1.0L per breath
3
Q
What is amount of air you can take in after TV inspiration
A
Inspiratory reserve volume
4
Q
What is the normal IRV
A
2.5-3.5L
5
Q
What is the amount of air you can exhale after TV expiration
A
Expiratory reserve volume
6
Q
What is the normal ERV
A
1.0-1.5L
7
Q
What is the volume of air in the lungs after exhaling as deeply as possible
A
Residual lung volume
8
Q
What is the normal RLV for women
A
0.8-1.2L
9
Q
What is the normal RLV for men
A
0.9-1.4L
10
Q
True or False:
RLV decreases with age
A
False
11
Q
What does the RLV allow for
A
Uninterrupted exchange of gas between the blood and alveoli to prevent fluctuations in blood gases during phases of breathing cycle
12
Q
What is the RLV+FVC
A
Total lung capacity
13
Q
What does the functional vital capacity equal
A
TV+IRV+ERV
14
Q
Does TV increase or decrease overtime with exercise
A
Increase
15
Q
As TV increases during exercise what happens to ERV and IRV
A
They decrease
16
Q
Why do ERV and IRV decrease during exercise
A
Because TV increases using part of these reserves
17
Q
What percent of the total lung capacity does TV use during exercise
A
About 50%
18
Q
What percent of the total lung capacity does the TV use at rest
A
About 10%
19
Q
What is the average minute ventilation
A
6L
20
Q
What is the amount of air taken in over a period of time
A
Minute ventilation (Ve)
21
Q
What is the normal respiratory rate
A
12 bpm
22
Q
How do you calculate minute ventilation
A
Breathing rate*TV
23
Q
How can you increase minute ventilation
A
Increasing breathing rate or TV or both
24
Q
What can breathing rate increase to during strenuous exercise in healthy young adults
A
35-45 bpm
25
What can breathing rate increase to during strenuous exercise in elite endurance athletes
60-70 bpm
26
True or False:
| TV for trained and untrained individuals rarely exceed 60% of the VC
True
27
What is the volume of air that includes the ERV and RLV
Functional residual volume
28
True or False:
| To increase minute ventilation it is more effective to increase breathing rate
True
29
What is the portion of air reaching the alveoli and participating in gas exchange
Alveolar ventilation
30
How much of the 500mL of air that is inspired is mixed with existing alveolar air
350mL
31
How much of the 500mL of air that is inspired makes up the anatomical dead space
150-200mL
32
What is the space of air that is inspired but not used in respiration
Anatomical dead space
33
What is the ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow
Ventilation-perfusion ratio (V:P)
34
How many liters of air ventilates the alveoli each minute at rest
About 4.2L
35
How many liters of blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries
About 5.0L
36
What is the average V:P
0.84L
37
What does a ventilation perfusion rate of 0.84 mean
For every liter of blood 0.84L of air enter the blood
38
What is the V:P during light exercise
About 0.8L
39
What is the V:P during intense exercise
5.0L
40
What describes the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen consumption
Ventilatory equivalent
41
How do you solve for ventilatory equivalent
Ve/VO2
42
What is the ventilatory equivalent for healthy young adults during submaximal exercise
25L
43
What does a ventilatory equivalent of 25L equate to for VO2 max
About 55%
44
What is the ventilatory equivalent for children
32L
45
Ventilatory equivalent determines what
How hard a person is working
46
What is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken in and used
VO2 max
47
What does VO2 max measure
Maximal ability to work aerobically or aerobic capacity
48
What is the normal VO2 max for men and women
Men: Mid 40L
Women: Upper 30L
49
What is the VO2 max for athletic men and women
Men: Low to mid 90L
Women: Mid 80L
50
True or False:
| O2 consumption plateaus or increases slightly with additional increases in exercise intensity
True
51
What initiate and modulate exercise alveolar ventilation
Combined effects of several chemical and neural stimuli
52
What are the phases of minute ventilation in exercise and recovery (3)
Phase 1: Neurogenic stimuli from cerebral cortex and feedback from active limbs stimulate medulla to increase ventilation abruptly
Phase 2: After a short plateau Ve rises exponentially to reach steady state
Phase 3: Fine tuning of steady state thru peripheral sensory feedback
53
Phases of minute ventilation in exercise and recovery dumbed down version (3)
Phase 1: Start thinking about exercise brain tells you to increase breathing
Phase 2: Trying to reach a balance of O2 available and O2 recovered
Phase 3: Body constantly adjusts requirements to meet demands of exercise level
54
What does the abrupt decline in ventilation when exercise ceases reflect (2)
1. Removal of the central command drive
| 2. Sensory input from previously active muscles
55
What happens when we stop exercising
Continue to breath deeper, but slower to make up O2 deficit
56
What does the slow recovery phase result from (2)
1. Gradual diminution of the short term potentiation of the respiratory center
2. Reestablishment of the body's normal metabolic, thermal, and chemical millieu
57
True or False:
| During light to moderate exercise ventilation increases linearly with oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production
True
58
What is the amount of air for each liter of oxygen consumed
20-25L
59
During light to moderate exercises ventilation increases with what
Mainly through increases in tidal volume
60
During higher intensity exercises what causes increases in ventilation
Breathing frequency
61
What happens to Ve during intense sub maximal exercise
Moves sharply upwards and increases disproportionately in relation to oxygen consumption
62
During intense sub maximal exercise what can the ventilatory equivalent equal
35-40L
63
What describes the highest O2 consumption or exercise intensity achieved with less than 1.0mM increase in [blood lactate] above pre-exercise levels
Lactate threshold
64
What does OBLA stand for
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation
65
What does OBLA signify
Signifies when blood lactate concentration systematically increases to 4.0mM
66
What 4 factors could result in a threshold of lactate appearance
1. Imbalance between the rate of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration
2. Decreased redox potential (increased NADH relative to NAD+)
3. Lower blood oxygen content
4. Lower blood flow to skeletal muscle
67
What is the point where respiration increases exponentially
Ventilatory threshold
68
What provides a submaximal exercise measure of aerobic fitness that relates to the beginning of anaerobisis in active muscles
OBLA
69
True or False:
| OBLA occurs without significant metabolic acidosis or sever cardiovascular strain
True
70
Does improved endurance performance with training more closely relate to training induced improvement in exercise level for OBLA or VOs max
OBLA
71
True or False:
| Intense exercise leads to an imbalance between the glycolytic and aerobic system
True
72
What does imbalance between glycolytic and aerobic system cause
Excess production of H+ in the extracellular fluid and plasma
73
What does increased [H+] stimulate
Respiratory center to increase alveolar ventilation
74
What does increased alveolar ventilation cause
CO2 to blown off (exhaled)
75
What are increases in ventilation directly proportional to
Increase in oxygen consumed
76
At extremely high intensities what happens
Ventilation increases disproportionately to VO2
77
During high intensities the disproportional increase in ventilation compared to VO2 parallels what
The abrupt nonlinear increase in serum lactate and VCO2
78
True or False:
| Ventilation is regulated more by the need to remove CO2
True
79
During submaximal exercise ventilatory levels may be reduced by how much
25%
80
During maximal exercise maximal minute ventilation may increase by what
25%
81
True or False:
We do not change the volume of or lungs we just improve how efficient we are at getting oxygen to muscles and other tissues
True
82
True or False:
| Blood lactate levels throughout submaximal levels are reduced secondary to training
True
83
How much can maximal oxygen consumption increase by with moderate endurance training
10-30%
84
What regulates pulmonary ventilation (2)
CO2 levels and CNS
85
How does pulmonary ventilation respond to exercise
Change depth and rate of breathing
86
True or False:
| At high intensity exercises we have a disproportionate rate of breathing
True
87
True or False:
| At light to moderate intensity exercises we are able to get our O2 requirements from increasing tidal volume
True
88
Do trained individuals have more efficient or inefficient metabolism
More efficient
