Cardiovascular Physiology V Flashcards
1
Q
what does hemodynamics describe
A
How the blood flows
2
Q
What influences hemodynamics? (4)
A
- Bloodstream velocity
- Flow
- Resistance
- Effects of smooth muscle
3
Q
what is Bloodstream velocity?
It is also the rate of ______
A
How fast the blood is going
The rate of displacement of fluid over time
4
Q
Bloodstream velocity is proportional to
A
flow
5
Q
what is flow
A
the volume of blood that passes a given cross section of vessel per unit of times
6
Q
flow is determined by ____ and proportional to ____ & ____
A
- pressure
- pressure & radius of the tube
7
Q
____ is affected by the differences in arterial pressure to venous pressure
A
flow
8
Q
Pressure is affected by ____ & _____ and influenced by ____ & ____
A
- effects of gravity and venous valves
- density and height
9
Q
____ is inversely proportional to the length of tube & viscosity
A
flow
10
Q
the proportional relationship of flow to radius and inversely proportional to viscosity and length of tube
A
Poiseuille’s law
11
Q
The longer the tube the ____ the flow
A
lower
12
Q
____ is Proportional to viscosity and length
A
Resistance
13
Q
If blood is more thick resistance
A
increased
14
Q
___ is Inversely proportional to radius
A
Resistance
15
Q
If Radius of artery is larger resistance is
A
decreased
16
Q
_____ Can change the radius of the vessel thus change the resistance
A
Effects of smooth muscle
17
Q
_____ surrounds the artery and changes the radius of a vessel
A
smooth muscle
18
Q
____ leads to changes of the resistance on the blood & flow to compensate
A
smooth muscle
19
Q
the _____ system Includes aorta and vena cava
A
Series System
20
Q
what is 1 segment of vessels that connect to another segment known as
A
Series System
21
Q
in series system Resistance of whole system = ____
A
to the sum of each part
22
Q
_____ system can have an effect the flow
A
Series System
23
Q
____ system Includes capillary system
A
Parallel System
24
Q
Many capillaries that line up next to one another is known as ____
A
Parallel System
25
the advantages of a parallel system is that Even though
capillaries are high resistance the parallel system decreases resistance
26
Resistance of all parallel capillaries is _____ because ____
- < the resistance of 1 tube
| - it has additional pathways
27
____ describes how fluid moves as a series of thin layers
Laminar blood flow
28
in _____ flow each layer moves at a velocity different from that of its neighboring layers
Laminar blood flow
29
in ____ flow the maximal velocity is in central region
Laminar blood flow
30
in Laminar blood flow
| fluid moving along the outside of the tube will meet resistance because _____
coming into contact with the edges of vessels
31
in laminar blood flow ____ Will move more slowly than fluid in vessels
Fluid moving along the outside of the tube
32
______ will move in a straight line despite the fact that they are at different speeds
Fluid moving along the outside of the tube
33
Irregular movement of fluid in a tube
Turbulent blood flow
34
Requires increased pressure to force flow through the same tube that was laminar (=more work)
Turbulent blood flow
35
As turbulence increases it requires increased _____ this leads to ____
pressure to force that blood flow through the same tube that was laminar => more work
36
Turbulent flow develops in (2)
- Large diameter tubes (add more fluid in larger diameter tube will get more fluid moving through )
- Low viscosity fluid
37
Abrupt variation in tube dimension (bifurcation) can lead to
Turbulent flow
38
Irregularities in tube walls (i.e. plaque, cholesterol)
| can cause
Turbulent flow
39
vibrations AKA murmurs are due to
Turbulent flow
40
____ is due to low viscosity, abrupt changes in arterial dimension, large vessels, and arteriosclerosis
Turbulence
41
____ can cause changes in characteristics of blood vessels or abnormalities
Turbulence
42
aortic aneurysm (ballooning out of blood vessels) is an example of ____ flow
Turbulent flow
43
____ is known as Pressure applied outside artery that exceeds the patient’s arterial pressure
blood pressure
44
when external pressure falls below arterial pressure, blood starts to flow
Systolic Pressure
45
When external pressure falls below minimum pressure in the artery, sound disappears
Diastolic pressure
46
Blood pressure is dependent on____ & _____-
- compliance
| - volume
47
blood pressure is proportional to _____ and inversely proportional to _____
- Proportional to volume
| - Inversely proportional to compliance
48
As BP increase _____ decrease
compliance
49
As BP increase _____ increase
volume
50
volume is dependent on _____ & _____
- flow In artery
| - flow Out of artery
51
= to resistance to flow in the systemic vascular bed
Total peripheral resistance
52
As resistance increases ____ increase
Blood pressure
53
the ability of an artery to stretch
Compliance
54
____ is Effected by volume and pressure
Compliance
55
As compliance increase____ & _____ decrease
arterial volume and pressure decrease
56
____ is an Estimation of flow
Cardiac Output
57
= Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Cardiac Output
58
____ determines arterial volume fluctuation
Stroke Volume
59
amount of blood ejected during systole
Stroke Volume
60
= hardening of arteries
atherosclerosis
61
Hardening of artery => decrease. ____ & _____
` compliance & increase resistance
62
_____ is when Blood flow through system then becomes more pulsatile
atherosclerosis
63
_____ Chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries often due to accumulation of ____ & ____
- atherosclerosis
- macrophages
- LDL
64
____ Leads to formation of multiple plaques within the arteries
- atherosclerosis
65
in _____ you See calcification around LDL & WBC formation which lead to _____
- atherosclerosis
| - thrombus
66
The amplitude of the arterial pressure fluctuation
Pulse pressure
67
you Can have high variance in pulse pressure without affecting _____
MAP
68
Allows for the passage of small molecules by diffusion, filtration, and pinocytosis
capillaries
69
capillaries Can be fenestrated or have clefts that allow _____
larger substances to move in and out
70
= most important way for solutes to transfer across membrane
diffusion
71
____ Main role is diffusion
capillaries
72
What determines whether arterioles dilate or contract? (2)
- Vasodilator substances
| - Vasoconstrictor substances
73
Endothelin is an example of ____ in the arteries
- Vasoconstrictor substances
74
H & CO2, K+ are examples of ____ in the arteries
-Vasodilator substances
75
You can modify ____ substances & ____ substances to increase vasodilation
- Vasodilator substances
| - Vasoconstrictor substances
76
Resistance vessels
Arteries
77
arteries Diameter determined by
vasomotion
78
a reflexive response for smooth muscle constriction or relaxation
vasomotion
79
Vasomotion dependent on (3)
1) Pressure dependent = autoregulation
2) humoral factors
3) neural factors
80
If pressure increase, then vascular tone ____-
increase
81
If pressure decrease than vascular tone ______
decrease
82
Contributes to total peripheral resistance
Arteries
83
Capacitance vessels
Veins
84
____ involves Constriction causes slowing of flow of capillaries
Capacitance vessels
85
Serve as a conduit
veins
86
Lack smooth muscle but can withstand high tension
Capillaries
87
____ Flow is dependent on arterioles (contraction or dilation)
Capillaries
88
The amount of capillaries is dependent on the _____(i.e. kidney & brain)
metabolic activity of the tissue
89
= most important way for solutes to transfer across membrane
Diffusion
90
____ involves The movement of small lipid soluble molecules
Diffusion
91
Slow flow = slow _____
diffusion rate
92
Capillaries are regulated by ____ & _____
osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure
93
____ determined by arterial pressure, venous pressure, and arterioles/venous constriction/relaxation
hydrostatic pressure
94
____ most important factor to restrain loss of H2O from capillaries
osmotic pressure
95
The_____ effects the pressure of the capillaries
dilation of the arterioles and venule
96
The transfer of substances through vesicles
Pinocytosis
97
Occurs less than diffusion or filtration
Pinocytosis
98
____ is a way to move large, lipid insoluble substances
Pinocytosis
99
an increase interstitial fluid in any organ
edema
100
edema is Determined by the balance of fluid from _____ into _____
inside the capillaries into the interstitial spaces
101
edema caused by (5)
1) Increased hydrostatic pressures
2) Reduced oncotic pressure
3) Sodium retention
4) Inflammation
5) Lymphatic obstruction
102
There is an increased force of fluid that the flow forces fluid out. Ex CHF & HTN
Increased hydrostatic pressures
103
Low protein level or decrease oncotic force in vascular space of capillaries => ______`
escape of the blood content from vessels
104
____ has a pulling effect on H20
Na
105
_____ => effects on oncotic pressure
Na has a pulling effect on H2O
106
Release inflammatory mediators =>. _____ of smooth muscles => increase flow of blood through capillaries => ______
- dilation
| - loss of H2O
107
H2O that escapes normally is taken up by _____ & draws up to hear & is dumped into circulation
lymphatic system
108
an Lymphatic obstruction
| leads to
inability to uptake fluid
109
Used to determine the generation and regulation of interstitial fluid in edema
Frank Starling Law
110
Interstitial fluid depends on the balance of ____ & ____
osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure
111
osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure act in _____ across the semipermeable capillary membrane
opposite directions
112
The movement of fluid is dependent on these 4 factors:
1) hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries
2) hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial outside capillaries
3) the oncotic pressure within the capillaries
4) the oncotic pressure in the interstitial walls of the capillaries
113
a form of compensation where the body develops parallel circulation to supply blood to tissue
collateral circulation
114
- A ballooning out of the vessels
Aortic Aneurysm
115
- _____ is Due to changes in characteristics of blood vessels or its abnormalities
Aortic Aneurysm
116
the murmur heard in an aortic aneurysm is due to______-
turbulence flow
117
Turbulence in an aortic aneurysm is due to low ____, abrupt change in____, large ____, and ______
- low viscosity
- abrupt change in arterial dimension
- large vessels
- arteriosclerosis
118
_____ occurs due to swelling and dilation of the aorta
aortic aneurysm
119
in an aortic aneurysm the concern is the______
- The concern is the risk of rupture or leakage
120
______= regulating vessels and constricting vessels
- Arteries
121
____ & ________ = large conduits = increased compliance = can hold larger volume
The aorta and pulmonary artery
122
______ sounds with each heart beat
korotkoff
123
We can adjust CO by changing ___-
HR
124
o MAP is dependent on ____ & ___
CO & total peripheral resistance
125
o Atheromatous plaque can rupture and ______
can limit blood flow to the heart
126
o Acute rupture of atheromatous plaque may lead to an_______
acute myocardial infarction
127
______ results in irreversible tissue death due to lack of oxygen rich blood
a myocardial infarction
128
- Pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis include
| 5
```
o Fatty streaks (LDL)
o Smooth muscle cells
o Calcification
o Thrombus
o Catecholamine release (NE) due to stress
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