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Pathophysiology > Cardiovascular II > Flashcards

Cardiovascular II Flashcards

1
Q

______= the volume of blood ejected from the heart per unit of time

A
  • CO
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2
Q

the calcuation of Cardiac Output (CO) =

A

Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)

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3
Q

_____ = volume of blood ejected with each beat

A

•SV = Stroke Volume

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4
Q

• Stroke Volume is affected by:

A
  • Heart size
  • Duration of contraction
  • Contractility
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5
Q

_____= Amount of blood going to the heart

A

• Preload

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6
Q

_____ = Force against which the ventricle

must contract

A

• Afterload

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7
Q

contractility consist of _____ and ____

A

o Consist of preload & afterload

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8
Q

Affects end diastolic volume (Ventricle is

stretched due to increase volume)

A
  • Preload
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9
Q

affects left ventricle ejection into aorta

A
  • afterload
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10
Q

Point at which - ventricle relaxed (AV valve closed, mitral valve about to open)

A
  • Preload
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11
Q

• Point at which – ventricle contracts (MV closed, AV opening)

A

• Afterload

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12
Q

• A representation of the performance of the heart at a given preload and afterload

A

• Contractility

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13
Q
  • preload & afterload effect _____
A

contractility

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14
Q

contractility can be additionally affected by changing the ______ and ______

A
  • Changing the heart rate (chronotropic effect)

* Force of contraction (inotopic effect)

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15
Q

• Changing the heart rate is a ____ effect

A

chronotropic effect

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16
Q

the force of contraction is a _____ effect

A

inotopic effect

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17
Q

• _____ = ratio of volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat : volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole

A

Ejection Fraction

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18
Q

contractility is measured through the ______

A

Ejection Fraction

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19
Q

____ is AKA the amount of blood that does get out vs the amount of blood that stays behind

A

Ejection Fraction

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20
Q

_____ heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump out blood

A

Systolic Heart Failure

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21
Q

in Systolic Heart Failure the strength of ventricle contraction is inadequate to create an _____- => low CO

A

adequate stroke volume

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22
Q

Failure of the pump function of heart is known as

A

Systolic Heart Failure

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23
Q

____ heart failure is when the heart is not able to pump blood from LEFT ventricle

A

Systolic Heart Failure

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24
Q

the hallmark sign of Systolic Heart Failure is _____

A

a decreased ejection fraction (less than 45%

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25
in Systolic Heart Failure the o ventricle inadequately emptied => increase_____ and _____
ventricular end diastolic pressure and volume
26
in _____ heart failure you have a decreased ____
CO
27
in _____ heart failure you have a decreased ____
SV
28
_____ heart failure is when the ventricle is unable to adequately relax
- Diastolic Heart Failure
29
in ____ heart failure the ventricles are very stiff
- Diastolic Heart Failure
30
in Diastolic Heart Failure inadequate filling of the ventricle causes an inadequate _____.
stroke volume
31
in CHF you see a reduced ______ of the heart and a reduced _____ of the heart due to overloading of the ventricles
- efficiency of the heart | - contractility
32
In healthy people, increased filling of the ventricle results in increased contractility this is known as ______
Frank- Starling law
33
In CHF, the ventricle is loaded with blood to the point where heart muscle contraction becomes _____
less efficient
34
in CHF there is a reduced ability to cross-link ____ and ____ in over-stretched heart muscle
- actin and myosin filaments
35
CHF is characterized by a : - A decreased____ - A decreased ____ => increased ____ volume => impaired ventricular filling - Increase ____and increased oxygen consumption. - stimulated by increased _____ activity in order to maintain cardiac output =>Increase____ - Increased _____ requirements - _____ of the myocardium - • The increased _____with increased blood volume places strain on the heart and accelerates the damage to the myocardium.
- stroke volume - contractility - end systolic volume - cardiac workload - sympathetic - heart rate - coronary perfusion - Hypertrophy - peripheral resistance
36
Increasing_____=> increased force of contraction
Calcium
37
in the increase of Ca on the heart you see _____ stimulation and the involvement of initial Ca called ____
- Sympathetic nerve stimulation | - trigger Ca
38
In the release of Ca the SNS releases neurotransmitter____=> increased rate of contraction & activation of _____ => increase in _____ => activation of _____ => movement of Ca into the cell
- NE - adenocylase - CAMP - protein kinase -
39
____ vessels have a higher resistance
capillaries
40
____ vessel are thin walled
capillaries
41
_____ vessels allow for o exchange of diffusible substances between blood and cells
capillaries
42
capillaries have a ______ of blood flow going through circulation
constant slow steady stream
43
____ function to maintain homeostasis
blood vessels
44
Blood function to carry _____ to various tissues and remove ____ and ____ from tissues, transport ____, ____, and ____ , and the distribution of ____ and ___-
- oxygen and nutrients - CO2 and waste - hormones, cells, and platelets - fluid and heat
45
The process by which RBC, WBC, & platelets come from the bone marrow
erythropoiesis
46
______- = a hormone that controls erythropoiesis.
Erythropoietin
47
Erythropoietin is produced by the ____ and _____
kidneys and liver
48
______ enhances the production of stem cells in the bone marrow
Erythropoietin
49
______ promotes the red blood cell survival by protecting them from apoptosis.
Erythropoietin
50
_____ works with growth factors involved in the differentiation of precursor red blood cells.
Erythropoietin
51
____ is the arrest in bleeding (the clotting of the blood)
hemostasis
52
hemostasis occurs in 3 phases (3)
o Vasoconstriction o Platelet aggregation o Coagulation
53
in the vasoconstriction phase of hemostasis you have injury at the site which leads to _____
contraction of vessels
54
contraction of vessels in hemostasis is due to ______ of the nerves from the injury
direct mechanical stimulation
55
in the platelet aggregation phase of hemostasis ____adhere to injured site => release _____ & ____=> more platelet aggregation
- Platelets - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) & thromboxane A2 -
56
in platelet aggregation the release of serotonin causes
vasoconstriction
57
in platelet aggregation the release of thromboplastin causes
- increase coagulation
58
in platelet aggregation the ____ and ____ contract after interacting with fibrin mesh (the clot)
- actin and myosin
59
during platelet aggregation there is a release of
- Platelets - adenosine diphosphate (ADP) & thromboxane A2 - serotonin - thromboplastin
60
during the coagulation phase of hemostasis, there is a coagulation ____-
coagulation cascade
61
during the coagulation phase many factors synthesized in the ____-
liver
62
in hemostasis the _____ phase is a key step in conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin
coagulation phases
63
Identify the major clotting factors (4)
- fibrin - prothrombin: becomes thrombin IIa - thrombin - factor X: catalyzes the cleavage of prothrombin
64
At the end of contraction the influx of Ca stops => SR uptake of Ca by _____
ATP Ca pump
65
- To stop the contraction: _____ removes Ca from cell => blockage of ____interaction with____
- NA/CA exchanger | - myosin interaction with actin

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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