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Pathophysiology > Cardiovascular III > Flashcards

Cardiovascular III Flashcards

1
Q

____Cell has Electronegativity

A

• Heart

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2
Q

• Type of depolarization of cell varies depending on _____

A

type of cell.

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3
Q

_____ cells Make up conduction pathway of the heart

A
  • Fast response cells
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4
Q

_____ cells are found in the atrial, ventricle, and purkinje fiber cells

A
  • Fast response cells
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5
Q

_____ cells are found in the SA and AV node cells

A
  • Slow response cells
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6
Q

____ cells are Are pacemaker cells

A
  • Slow response cells
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7
Q

Slow response cells Have a resting membrane potential that is _____ than fast response cells

A

less negative

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8
Q

The _____, _____, and ____ is more gradual in slow response cells

A

slope of upstroke of phase 0, the amplitude, and the extent of overshoot

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9
Q

____ and _____ determine how fast the AP is propagated

A

 Slope and amplitude

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10
Q

_____ is more likely to be blocked in slow response cells

A

o Impulse conduction

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11
Q

The___ helps to control the pacemaker activity

A

slope

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12
Q

____ cells work to develop a rhythmic beat

A
  • Slow response cells
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13
Q

____ cells need to generate electrical activity throughout the heart so that beating can occur

A
  • Fast response cells
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14
Q

_____ cells have a more quick depolarization or phase 0

A

fast response cells

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15
Q

____ cells have more of a a slight down up stroke in phase 1

A

fast response cells

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16
Q

____ cells phase 2 or plateau is steady and then drops

A

fast response cells

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17
Q

_____ cells have a more gradual decreases in the plateau or phase 2

A
  • Slow response cells
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18
Q

the action potential serves to cause ____ of the cell

A

contraction

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19
Q

_____ causes resting of the cell

A

repolarization

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20
Q

_____ is before the muscle achieves. full contraction

A

depolarization

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21
Q

action potential can. influence the release of _____ in a cell

A

Ca

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22
Q

____ are Cells that are throughout the rest of the heart that need to generate an electrical activity so that beating can occur

A
  • Fast response cells
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23
Q

_____ cells develop the rhythmic beat

A
  • slow response cells
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24
Q

____ cells have a more quick phase 0 or depolarization

A
  • Fast response cells
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25
Q

_____ cells have a more slow phase 0 or upstroke

A
  • slow response cells
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26
Q

_____ cells have a more steady drop in phase 2 or the plateau

A
  • Fast response cells
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27
Q

repolarization => _____ of the heart

A

relaxation

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28
Q

Depolarization => _____ of the heart

A

contraction

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29
Q

pacemaker cells are designed to control the_____ of the heart

A

rhythm

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30
Q

in a pacemaker action potential: The slope of the line in the beginning helps to control the ______for the cell

A

pacemaker activity

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31
Q

the result of hyperkalemia can cause s/s in the_____, _____, and ___ systems

A

neuromuscular, cardiac, and GI

32
Q

in hyperkalemia the most concerning is the impairment of ______

A

cardiac conduction

33
Q

in hyperkalemia increased extracellular potassium levels => elevated _____= a lot of K outside the cell

A

RMP

34
Q

hyperkalemia affects the ability to have a_____

A

fast AP (phase 0)

35
Q

hyperkalemia causes a more _____RMP

A

positive

36
Q

K causes increase of more _____ RMP => effects of Na channels => Na not able to move inside and outside the cell => impairment of cells to ____=> can’t get to _____ or _____ => effects the ___ and ___-of the heart

A
  • positive
  • generate AP
  • phase 0 or depolarization
  • rhythm and beating
37
Q

During the phase 0 of a cardiac action potential there is an increase conductance => a lot of movement of ____into the cell => ___ then moves outside the cell => ____ move into the cell

A
  • Na
  • K
  • Ca
38
Q

in the cardiac action potential the movement of ions is going to ____ throughout each of these phase

A

change

39
Q
  • Phase 0 = ____-
A

Depolarization

40
Q

There is a rapid depolarization due to the fast movement of Na

A

phase 0 or Depolarization

41
Q

Phase 0 is a rapid depolarization due to the fast movement of ____

A

Na

42
Q

in a cardiac AP rhe ability of the cell to open the fast Na+ channels is related to the membrane potential at the movement of _____

A

excitation

43
Q

in phase 0 the channels are opened by excitation => large _____

A

influx of Na+

44
Q

in a cardiac AP if the membrane potential is at baseline (-85 mV) what happens to the channels?

A

all the fast Na+ channels close

45
Q

in a cardiac AP rapid opening of ____ responsible for the increase movement of Na

A

m gates

46
Q

in a cardiac AP _____closure = end of phase 0

A

H gates

47
Q

in a cardiac AP Phase 1 is known as _____

A

After Porlization

48
Q

the After Porlization phase it involves the movement of ____ out of the cell and the inactivation of the ____-

A
  • K+

- fast Na+ channels

49
Q

the After Porlization phase occurs when potential difference =____

A

0

50
Q

in which phase do you see a transient net outward current is developed

A

After Porlization

51
Q

in theAfter Porlization phase a transient net outward current is developed => the small ____ of the AP

A

downward deflection

52
Q

Phase 2 is known as the ____

A

Plateau Phase

53
Q

during the Plateau Phase there is a movement of ____ into and out of the cell and the movement of ___- out of the cell

A
  • Calcium

- K+

54
Q

o Due to balance between inward movement of Ca++ through L-type calcium channels and outward movement of K+ through the slow delay rectifier potassium channels

A

Plateau Phase

55
Q
  • Phase 3 is known as the ____ phase
A

Repolarization

56
Q

___ phase describes a different movement of ____ into and out of the cell

A

K+

57
Q

during the ___ phase the L-type Ca++ channels close, while potassium channels still stay open

A

Repolarization

58
Q

the ____ phase ensures a net outward current – negative charge in membrane potential

A

Repolarization

59
Q

during the repolarization phase the delayed rectifier K+ channels (Ito) close when ____

A

membrane potential is restored to -80 - -85mV

60
Q
  • Phase 4 is known as the ____-
A

Resting Membrane Potential

61
Q

___ phase involves the movement of K+ into and out of the cell

A

Resting Membrane Potential

62
Q

____ is the period that the cell remains in until it is stimulated by another AP

A

Resting Membrane Potential

63
Q

____ phase is associated with diastole

A

Resting Membrane Potential

64
Q

_____closed during phase 4

A

M gates

65
Q
  • When the cells can no longer be excitable until the cell is partially repolarized
A

refractory periods

66
Q

what are the 2 types of refractory periods

A

o Effective

o Relative

67
Q

the ____ period is from the beginning of AP until another

A

o Effective

68
Q

during the ___ period you cannot generate another AP

A

effective refractory period

69
Q

the effective refractory period is due to some ___, ___m and ___gates open

A

Na+ m and h gates

70
Q

____ period is when an AP is evoked when only when there is a strong stimulus

A

o Relative

71
Q

during the ____ period all Na+ channels are open

A

o Relative

72
Q

during the ____ period you can have an AP but is more difficult

A

o Relative

73
Q

in ____fibers the relative refractory period extends longer

A

slow response

74
Q

in the relative refractory period if the impulse that happen too early may result in_____

A

slow conduction

75
Q

the____ in slow response cells is due to Ca being maintained in the cell & not allowing the cell to fully relax

A

longer RRP

76
Q

If you effect the RRP or cause it to be extended out or shorten the cell will be more difficult to ____ => cardiac arrhythmias

A

depolarize

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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