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Human Physiology > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What transports blood towards the tissues

A

Arteries

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2
Q

Pressure is lowest when in the circulatory system

A

Vena cave

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3
Q

Arterioles contain a high proportion of X, allowing them to alter their diameter and thus blood flow

A

Smooth muscle cells

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4
Q

Which structure initiates depolarisation of the atria

A

SA node

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5
Q

At end of atrial systole what happen in the values

A

Mitral valve close

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6
Q

At beginning of ventricle systole what happens

A

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

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7
Q

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction continues until…

A

Left ventricle pressure exceeds aortic pressure

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8
Q

What causes the 2 heart sounds

A

Mitral valve & atrial valve closing

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9
Q

The cardiovascular control centre is located in the

A

Medulla

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10
Q

Which parasympathetic nerve has inhibitory control over the heart

A

Vagus nerve

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11
Q

Which receptor is involved in detecting blood pressure changes?

A

Bararecepter

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12
Q

Poiseuille’s Law states the blood flow is positively related to

A

Pressure gradient
Vessel radius to the fourth power

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13
Q

Peripheral resistance is positively associated with

A

Vessel length
Blood viscosity

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14
Q

During exercise vagus never activity
Increase or decreases

A

Decreases

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15
Q

During exercise, stroke volume is increased via

A

Increase preload

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16
Q

Which two processes increase skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise

A

Increase Cardiac output
Reduced total peripheral resistance

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17
Q

P-wave

A

Atrial depolarization

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18
Q

P-r interval

A

interval between beginning of excitability of atrial & ventricles

19
Q

QRS

A

Ventricular depolarization

20
Q

Q-t interval

A

contraction occurring

21
Q

S -t segment

A

all ventricle tissue depolarised, contraction occurs

22
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

23
Q

T-p interval

A

End of t wave to start of P wave

24
Q

General function of circulatory system

A

• circulate oxygen & Carbon dioxide
• provide cells with nutrients
• removes waste product
• protects body against disease & infection
• helps regulate body temp
• transports hormones

25
Q

Arteries

A
  • High pressure
  • contain smooth muscle & elastic tissues
  • lumen space where blood flows
26
Q

Flow of blood

A

Arteries > arterioles> capillaries > venues > veins

27
Q

Arterioles

A
  • Resistance vessel contain circle smooth muscle
  • can constrict or relax to regulate blood flow
  • Allows redistribution of blood
28
Q

Blood pressure=

A

Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

29
Q

Total peripheral resistance determinants -

A
  • Vessel diameter
  • vessel length
  • blood viscosity
30
Q

Capillaries

A

• pre- capillary sphincters are a ring of smooth r muscle
• contraction or relaxation of the sphincter provides blood flow regulation to meet metabolic requirements
• fewer capillaries function at rest than are available
• cross section of capillary increases cause decrease in blood flow velocity
• provides extremely effective exchange surface between blood + tissues

31
Q

Venous system

A

• deoxygenated blood enter venous system after oxygen diffuses out at capillaries
• blood flow velocity increases due to smaller cross-sectional area

32
Q

Venous return

A

Veins walls are thinner than artery so lower pressure
Veins contains values for blood to flow in one direction

33
Q

Depolarisation

A
  • Interior of cell is more negative
  • due eto difference cells are polarised
  • positively charged ions flow into all, less polarised inside initiates contraction
34
Q

Repolarisation- relax

A

Repolarisation occurs immediately after depolarisation occurs when positively charged ions flow out of the cells causing to become polarized

35
Q

What happens when action potential arrives at cardiomyaste?

A

• spread along sarcolemma & enter t-tubule ( excitation- contraction coupling
• initiates release of calcium
• calcium ultimately brings interaction of actin & myosin to generate force

36
Q

What initiates impulse to cardiomyogts?

A

sinoatrial node -
• spontaseously produces action potentials repeatedly- sends impulse to atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular node- located new top of septum
• receives signal and following a brief delay due to non-conductive tissue transmits it to ventricle

37
Q

ATP limited source

A

body stores 80-100 g of ATP

38
Q

3 ways ATP can be resynthesise

A

1) Phosphagen system (breakdown of phosphocreatine)
2) Glycolytic system (breakdown of glucose or glycogen)
3) Oxidative phosphorylation (generation of ATP using fat, carbohydrate and/or protein)

39
Q

Creative-kinase reaction

A

• Phosphocreatine splits to phosphate and creatine, “donating” it’s phosphate to ADP to form ATP.
• This occurs rapidly and does not require oxygen.- 1 step
• Limited source of phosphocreatine
• 1 ATP produced
• induces muscle fatigue

40
Q

Glycolysis

A

• breakdown of glucose or glycogen, generating ATP.
• This occurs quickly and does not require oxygen.
• generate hydrogen ions increase acidity of muscle- inhibits glycolysis
• can’t sustain high rate of exercise

41
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

• Produces ATP following the breakdown of fat, carbohydrate and/or protein
• ATP generated more slowly vs CK and glycolysis
• REQUIRES OXYGEN
• occurs in mitochondria
• 32 ATP

42
Q

Fick equation

A

VO2= CO X. a-vO2diff

43
Q

Factors affecting vo 2 Max

A

• modes of exercise - muscle mass involved
• state of training
• sex
• body size & composition
• age

Human Physiology (6 decks)

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