Cardiovascular & Peripheral Vascular

Question 1

Veins do not reply on pumps, they rely on 3 mechanisms to keep blood flowing:

Answer 1

a. contracting skeletal muscles
b. pressure gradient
c. intraluminal valves

Question 2

The right lymphatic duct drains

Answer 2

right side of head, neck, arm right side of thorax, right lung and pleura

Question 3

The thoracic duct drains

Answer 3

the rest of the body

Question 4

Lymph flow is propelled by

Answer 4

a. contracting skeletal muscles
b. pressure gradient
c. contracting of the vessels themselves

Question 5

Cervical nodes drain

Answer 5

head and neck

Question 6

Axillary nodes drain

Answer 6

breast and upper arm

Question 7

Epitrochlear nodes drain

Answer 7

hand and lower arm

Question 8

Inguinal nodes drain

Answer 8

lymph of lower extremities

Question 9

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Answer 9

clot in a vein, usually in leg, causing swelling and inflammation below the blockage site

Question 10

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Answer 10

circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to limbs

Question 11

Pericardium

Answer 11

tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart

Question 12

Endocardium

Answer 12

thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the chambers and valves

Question 13

Describe the diastole phase

Answer 13

ventricles relax and fill with blood, AV valves are open

Question 14

Isometric Relaxation

Answer 14

when all valves are closed and ventricles are relaxed

Question 15

Protodiastolic filling

Answer 15

passive filling stage, blood pouring from atria to ventricles

Question 16

Presystole/Atrial Systole

Answer 16

active filling stage, atria contract and push last amount of blood into ventricles

Question 17

Describe the systole phase

Answer 17

contraction, blood is pumped from the ventricles and fills the pulmonary and systemic arteries
AV valves are CLOSED

Question 18

What makes the S1 sound?

Answer 18

Closure of the AV valves (after ventricles are filled)

Question 19

What makes the S2 sound?

Answer 19

Closure of the semilunar valves (after ventricles are emptied)

Question 20

Isovolumetic Contraction

Answer 20

a brief moment when ventricles are filled and both AV valves and semilunar valves are closed

Question 21

Where is S1 loudest?

Where is S2 loudest?

Answer 21

S1 is loudest at apex (apical)

S2 is loudest at the base

Question 22

Split S2

Answer 22

caused by aortic valve closing significantly earlier than pulmonic valve

Question 23

S3

Answer 23

occurs during diastole

ventricles are resistant to filling

Question 24

S4

Answer 24

occurs at the end of diastole

ventricles resistant to filling

Question 25

Murmur (bruit)

Answer 25

a blowing or swooshing, signals turbulent blood flow, collision currents

Question 26

Conditions that may result in murmur (three)

Answer 26

1. increase in velocity of blood flow (speed) 2. decreases in viscosity of blood (thickness) 3. structural defects in valves or unusual openings in chambers

Question 27

Cardiac output

Answer 27

the amount of blood being pumped by the heart per minute

Question 28

Stoke volume

Answer 28

the amount of blood ejected from the heart

Question 29

On average, how much blood gets pumped by the heart per minute?

Answer 29

4-6litres

Question 30

Preload

Answer 30

the length to which the ventricle must stretch just before contraction

Question 31

Afterload

Answer 31

the pressure the ventricles must generate in order to open the valves and eject the blood

Question 32

Foramen Ovale

Answer 32

an opening in the atrial septum, closes within the first hour after birth

Question 33

Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 33

opening between pulmonary artery to aorta, closes within 10-15 hours after birth

Question 34

In pregnant women, peripheral vasodilation causes blood pressure to increase or decrease?

Answer 34

Decrease

Question 35

In aging adults, the left ventricular wall ______

Answer 35

Thickens

Question 36

Orthopnea

Answer 36

a need to assume more upright position to breathe

Question 37

How should murmurs be described?

Answer 37

1. Timing 2. Loudness 3. pitch/frequency 4. Pattern 5. Quality 6. Location 7. Radiation 8. Posture

Question 38

Nocturia

Answer 38

urge to pee in the middle of night