Cardiovascular & Peripheral Vascular Flashcards
Veins do not reply on pumps, they rely on 3 mechanisms to keep blood flowing:
a. contracting skeletal muscles
b. pressure gradient
c. intraluminal valves
The right lymphatic duct drains
right side of head, neck, arm right side of thorax, right lung and pleura
The thoracic duct drains
the rest of the body
Lymph flow is propelled by
a. contracting skeletal muscles
b. pressure gradient
c. contracting of the vessels themselves
Cervical nodes drain
head and neck
Axillary nodes drain
breast and upper arm
Epitrochlear nodes drain
hand and lower arm
Inguinal nodes drain
lymph of lower extremities
Deep Vein Thrombosis
clot in a vein, usually in leg, causing swelling and inflammation below the blockage site
Peripheral Arterial Disease
circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to limbs
Pericardium
tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart
Endocardium
thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the chambers and valves
Describe the diastole phase
ventricles relax and fill with blood, AV valves are open
Isometric Relaxation
when all valves are closed and ventricles are relaxed
Protodiastolic filling
passive filling stage, blood pouring from atria to ventricles
Presystole/Atrial Systole
active filling stage, atria contract and push last amount of blood into ventricles
Describe the systole phase
contraction, blood is pumped from the ventricles and fills the pulmonary and systemic arteries
AV valves are CLOSED
What makes the S1 sound?
Closure of the AV valves (after ventricles are filled)
What makes the S2 sound?
Closure of the semilunar valves (after ventricles are emptied)
Isovolumetic Contraction
a brief moment when ventricles are filled and both AV valves and semilunar valves are closed
Where is S1 loudest?
Where is S2 loudest?
S1 is loudest at apex (apical)
S2 is loudest at the base
Split S2
caused by aortic valve closing significantly earlier than pulmonic valve
S3
occurs during diastole
ventricles are resistant to filling
S4
occurs at the end of diastole
ventricles resistant to filling
Murmur (bruit)
a blowing or swooshing, signals turbulent blood flow, collision currents
Conditions that may result in murmur (three)
- increase in velocity of blood flow (speed)
- decreases in viscosity of blood (thickness)
- structural defects in valves or unusual openings in chambers
Cardiac output
the amount of blood being pumped by the heart per minute
Stoke volume
the amount of blood ejected from the heart
On average, how much blood gets pumped by the heart per minute?
4-6litres
Preload
the length to which the ventricle must stretch just before contraction
Afterload
the pressure the ventricles must generate in order to open the valves and eject the blood
Foramen Ovale
an opening in the atrial septum, closes within the first hour after birth
Ductus Arteriosus
opening between pulmonary artery to aorta, closes within 10-15 hours after birth
In pregnant women, peripheral vasodilation causes blood pressure to increase or decrease?
Decrease
In aging adults, the left ventricular wall ______
Thickens
Orthopnea
a need to assume more upright position to breathe
How should murmurs be described?
- Timing
- Loudness
- pitch/frequency
- Pattern
- Quality
- Location
- Radiation
- Posture
Nocturia
urge to pee in the middle of night
