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principles > Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Example of statin

A

Simvastatin

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2
Q

What do statins do?

A

Block HMG CoA reductase - an enzyme involved in production of cholesterol in the liver

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3
Q

When are used statins used?

A

For hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, angina, MI, CVA, high risk of CVA/MI

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4
Q

Side effects of statins?

A

Muscle inflammation (myopathy), rhabomyolsis

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5
Q

What is rhabomyolsis?

A

The breakdown of skeletal muscle accumulating in toxic wastes which can lead to renal failure.

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6
Q

How are statins taken?

A

Orally

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7
Q

When do statins not work to lower LDL?

A

Familal hypercholesterolaemia - where LDL receptors are absent

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8
Q

Example of fibrate?

A

Bezafibrate

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9
Q

What do fibrates do?

A

Reduce the concentration of cholesterol in blood.

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10
Q

When are fibrates used?

A

In hypertriglycaemia and low HDL cholesterol

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11
Q

What do PCSK 9 Inhibitors do?

A

Lower LDL level in blood

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12
Q

What are PCSK9 Inhibitors?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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13
Q

What are some examples of PCSK9 Inhibitors?

A

Evolocumab, alirocumab

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14
Q

What do PCSK 9 inhibitors do?

A

Prevent the binding of PCSK9 to LDLR

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15
Q

When are PCSK 9 inhibitors used?

A

Familial hypercholesterolaemia

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16
Q

What are some anti platelet drugs?

A

Aspirin, pragugrel, clopidrogel and ticagrelor

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17
Q

What do anti platelet drugs do?

A

Reduce platelet aggregation and clot formation

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18
Q

When are anti platelet drugs used?

A

High risk of MI / CVA

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19
Q

What are some side effects of anti platelet drugs?

A

Haemorrhage

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20
Q

What are some examples of anti coagulant drugs - blood thinners?

A

Heparin, warfarin, rivaroxaban and dabigratan

21
Q

How is heparin taken?

A

IV

22
Q

How is warfarin taken?

A

Oral

23
Q

What do blood thinners do?

A

Prevent the clotting of blood

24
Q

When are blood thinners used?

A

DVT, PE, NSTEMI, AF

25
Q

What is a side effect of blood thinners?

A

Haemorrhage

26
Q

How is warfarin dose controlled?

A

By monitoring INR, every 8-12 weeks

27
Q

What does warfarin do?

A

Works against Vitamin K in the liver to reduce to production of clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10`

28
Q

How do you reverse warfarin?

A

Vitamin K

29
Q

What is an example of fibrinolytic drugs?

A

Streptokinase

30
Q

What do fibrinolytic drugs do?

A

Break down the protein fibrin, the main constituent of blood clots - they dissolve the clot.

31
Q

When are fibrinolytic drugs used?

A

STEMI, selected PEs and CVAs

32
Q

What are the side effects of fibrinolytic drugs?

A

Haemorrhage

33
Q

When would you avoid anti-blood clotting drugs?

A

Trauma, recent haemorrhage, bleeding tendencies, peptic ulcer and severe diabetic retinopathy.

34
Q

What drugs are cough inducing?

A

ACE inhibitors

35
Q

What is an example of neprilysin inhibitors?

A

Sacubitril valsatran

36
Q

What are side effects of neprilysin inhibitors?

A

Hypotension, renal impairment, hyperkalaemia and angioneurotic oedema

37
Q

What are some side effects of Digoxin?

A

Yellow vision, bradycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting and heart block

38
Q

What does digoxin do? which is good

A

Blocks AV conduction, producing a degree of AV delay. Good in AF but bad if HR falls too much

39
Q

What does digoxin do? which is bad

A

Increases ventricular irritability which produces ventricular arrhythmias

40
Q

What is ivabradine used for?

A

To slow down heart rate in angina

41
Q

What is dobutamine used for?

A

Acute and potentially reversible heart failure, also cardiogenic shock

42
Q

How is dobutamine administered? What class of drug is it?

A

IV infusion, B adrenoreceptor agonist

43
Q

Is dobutamine used long term?

A

No

44
Q

How can adrenaline be administered?

A

IM, SC, IV, IV Infusion

45
Q

What class of drug is adrenaline?

A

B adrenoreceptor agonist

46
Q

What is adrenaline used for?

A

Cardiac arrest (IV);
positive chronotropic and ionotropic actions (B1)
dilation of coronary arteries (B2)
redistribution of blood flow to the heart (A1)

Anaphylatic shock (IM)

47
Q

What are the effects of B adrenoreceptor agonists?

A

Increased cardiac force, rate, CO but decreased cardiac efficiency

48
Q

What are the effects of B adrenoreceptor antagonists?

A

Little diff at rest, but during exercise/stress - rate, force, CO very depressed

49
Q

What are the uses of B adrenoreceptor antagonists?

A

Treatment of arrhythmias, angina, heart failure and hypertension

principles (12 decks)

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