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BE Correlates: Cardiology > Cardiovascular Diseases: High Yield Concepts in Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHD) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diseases: High Yield Concepts in Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHD) Flashcards

1
Q

Most common underlying cause of myocardial ischemia and injury

A

Obstruction of coronary arteries by atherosclerosis

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2
Q

Most common underlying cause of myocardial ischemia and injury

A

Obstruction of coronary arteries by atherosclerosis

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3
Q

Most common cause of anterior chest muscoskeletal pain

A

Costochondral and chondrosternal syndromes

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4
Q

Myocardial perfusion occurs during this time

A

Diastole

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5
Q

Major cause of death and premature disability in developed societies

A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Represents the initial lesion of atherosclerosis

A

Fatty Streak

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7
Q

Major features of metabolic syndrome

A 
Central obesity
Hyperglycemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Hypertension
Low HDL cholesterol
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8
Q

Age when lipid screening should start (based on current ATP III guidelines)

A

All adults > 20 years (fasting lipid profile: total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL) repeated every 5 years

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9
Q

First maneuver to achieve LDL goal

A

Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC)

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10
Q

Ultimately causes the gravest complications of atherosclerosis

A

Thrombosis

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11
Q

Key feature of the metabolic syndrome

A

Central adiposity

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12
Q

Most accepted and unifying hypothesis to describe pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome

A

Insulin resistance

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13
Q

Driving force behind the metabolic syndrome

A

Obesity

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14
Q

Primary approach to metabolic syndrome

A

Weight reduction (caloric restriction; most important component)

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15
Q

Drug of choice to lower LDL

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins)

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16
Q

Drug of choice to lower fasting TG

A

Fibrates

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17
Q

Only currently available drug with predictable HDL-raising properties

A

Nicotinic acid

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18
Q

Most common cause of myocardial ischemia

A

Atherosclerotic disease of epicardial coronary artery

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19
Q

Major site of atherosclerotic disease

A

Epicardial arteries (Most common: Left Anterior Descending Artery)

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20
Q

Sites of predilection for atherosclerotic plaques to develop due to increased turbulence

A

Branch points in the epicardial arteries

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21
Q

Time frame for reversible damage in myocardium

A
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22
Q

Most common cause of anterior chest muscoskeletal pain

A

Costochondral and chondrosternal syndromes

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23
Q

Myocardial perfusion occurs during this time

A

Diastole

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24
Q

Major cause of death and premature disability in developed societies

A

Atherosclerosis

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25
Q

Represents the initial lesion of atherosclerosis

A

Fatty Streak

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26
Q

Major features of metabolic syndrome

A 
Central obesity
Hyperglycemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Hypertension
Low HDL cholesterol
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3
4
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27
Q

Age when lipid screening should start (based on current ATP III guidelines)

A

All adults > 20 years (fasting lipid profile: total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL) repeated every 5 years

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1
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3
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28
Q

First maneuver to achieve LDL goal

A

Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC)

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1
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3
4
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29
Q

Ultimately causes the gravest complications of atherosclerosis

A

Thrombosis

30
Q

Key feature of the metabolic syndrome

A

Central adiposity

31
Q

Most accepted and unifying hypothesis to describe pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome

A

Insulin resistance

32
Q

Driving force behind the metabolic syndrome

A

Obesity

33
Q

Primary approach to metabolic syndrome

A

Weight reduction (caloric restriction; most important component)

34
Q

Drug of choice to lower LDL

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins)

35
Q

Drug of choice to lower fasting TG

A

Fibrates

36
Q

Only currently available drug with predictable HDL-raising properties

A

Nicotinic acid

37
Q

Most common cause of myocardial ischemia

A

Atherosclerotic disease of epicardial coronary artery

38
Q

Major site of atherosclerotic disease

A

Epicardial arteries (Most common: Left Anterior Descending Artery)

39
Q

Sites of predilection for atherosclerotic plaques to develop due to increased turbulence

A

Branch points in the epicardial arteries

40
Q

Primary cause of in-hospital deaths from STEMI

A

Pump Failure

41
Q

Most widely used test for both the diagnosis of IHD and estimating the prognosis

A

Electrocardiographic Stress Testing

42
Q

Route of administration where absorption of nitrates is most rapid and complete

A

Sublingual / through mucous membranes

43
Q

Most common route in administration of nitroglycerin

A

Sublingual

44
Q

Door-to-needle time

A

≤30 minutes

45
Q

Only absolute contraindications to nitrate use

A 
Hypotension
Sildenafil or other drugs in that class in previous 24-48 hours
46
Q

Most important adverse effect of all antithrombotic agents

A

Excessive bleeding

47
Q

Most common artery involved in focal spasms of Prinzmetal angina

A

Right Coronary Artery

48
Q

Main agents for acute episodes and to abolish recurrent episodes of Prinzmetal’s angina

A

Nitrates & Calcium Channel Blockers (Nifedipine)

49
Q

Type of necrosis seen in MI

A

Coagulation Necrosis (preserved architecture, faded details)

50
Q

Time frame where gross changes in MI occur

A

12 hours after the onset of symptoms

51
Q

Color changes in MI

A

Mottling: 4 hours
Bright yellow: 1 week
Surrounding red granulation tissue: 2 weeks
Gray-white scar: 2 months

52
Q

Full thickness/Transmural; ECG: ST-elevation, Q-waves; associated with increased early mortality

A

Q-wave infarction (equivalent to STEMI in Clinical Medicine)

53
Q

Partial-thickness/Subendocardial; involves inner third of the myocardium; ECG: ST-depression; increased risk of infarction and sudden cardiac death post-M.I.

A

Non-Q-wave Infarction (equivalent to NSTE ACS in Clinical Medicine)

54
Q

Fibrinous Pericarditis (bread & butter pericarditis) post-MI

A

Dressler’s Syndrome

55
Q

Myocardial rupture post-MI occurs in patients who are

A

1st time MI patients (cardiac scar in those with previous MI prevents rupture)

56
Q

Pivotal diagnostic and triage tool because it is at the center of the decision pathway for management in STEMI

A

12-lead ECG

57
Q

Most common presenting complaint in STEMI

A

Chest pain

58
Q

Preferred biochemical markers for MI

A

Cardiac-Specific Troponin T & Cardiac-Specific Troponin I

59
Q

Primary cause of out-of-hospital deaths from STEMI

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

60
Q

Primary cause of in-hospital deaths from STEMI

A

Pump Failure

61
Q

Most common clinical signs of pump failure

A

Pulmonary rales; S3 and S4 gallop sounds

62
Q

Greatest delay usually occurs between

A

Onset of pain and the patient’s decision to call for help

63
Q

Principal goal of fibrinolysis

A

Prompt restoration of full coronary arterial patency

64
Q

Door-to-needle time

A

≤30 minutes

65
Q

MOst frequent and potentially the mostserious complication of fibrinolysis

A

Hemorrhage (Hemorrhagic stroke: Most serious complication)

66
Q

Standard antiplatelet agent for STEMI

A

Aspirin

67
Q

Standard anticoagulant agent for STEMI

A

Unfractionated Heparin

68
Q

Extent of LV involvement that usually results in cardiogenic shock

A

Infarction > 40%

69
Q

Usual duration of hospitalization for an uncomplicated STEMI

A

5 days

70
Q

Most common complication of angioplasty

A

Restenosis

71
Q

Most common thrombi found in NSTEMI (composed mainly of platelets)

A

White Thrombi

72
Q

Most common thrombi found in STEMI (composed of cells and fibrin)

A

Red Thrombi

BE Correlates: Cardiology (19 decks)

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