Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiac Rehab > Cardiovascular Disease (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular disease definition

A

atheroscleortic process characterized by a thickening in the intimal layer of the blood vessel wall caused by a local build up of lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CVC contributers (8)

A
  1. Heredity (genes)
  2. Smoking
  3. HTN
  4. Diabetes
  5. High cholesterol
  6. Age
  7. Endothelial injury
  8. Areas of sheers stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fatty streaks

A

asymptomatic; begin at birth

“foam cells”; build on each other and balloon out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

plaque

A

elevated lump that thickens& decreases lumen

Can progress to occlude artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Myocardial Ischemia (MI)

A

Lack of blood flow to the cells (lack of oxygen)

causes pain in heart muscle due to lack of oxygen to myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Angina pectoris definition

A

episodic pain/crushing sensation in the chest caused by reversible MI

reversible by decreasing demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Contributers to Angina Pectoris (4)

A
  1. Obstruction
  2. Increased metabolic demands that the heart can’t keep up with
  3. low blood hemoglobin (dec. ability to deliver oxygen)
  4. Pulmonary disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why are women at an increased risk to die from angina pectoris

A

they have atypical symptoms that are either ignored or misdiagnosed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stable Angina definition

A

chronic exertional angina

occurs when flow reserve of 1+ coronary arteries is limited; manifests during increased demand/physiological stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stable angina TX

A

rest 5-10 minutes
Nitroglycerine (vasodialator)
RF management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Unstable (pre infarction) angina definition

A

life threatening

Similar to MI, but artery is not completely occluded (80-90%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Unstable (pre infarction) angina S&Sx

A
  1. crescendo angina
  2. angina w/ minimal exertion/@ rest
  3. angina after recent MI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Unstable angina is a called pre infarction angina because..

A

usually progresses to MI; life threatening if untreated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Unstable angina RX

A

pharmological/surgical intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

collaterals

A

new vessels created by the body to go around the blockage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prinzmetal/Variant Angina

A

caused by artery spasm

body becomes abnormally over reactive to vasoconstricting agents; s&sx occurs @ rest and early morning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prinzmetal/variant angina contributers

A
  1. smoking

2. cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Asymptomatic “Silent” angina definition

A

angina without pain

usually found while investigating some other unrelated symptom

19
Q

Asymptomatic angina TX

A

pharmalogical

  1. nitrates
  2. beta blockers
20
Q

Myocardial Infarction definition

A

death or necrosis of some portion of the cardiac muscle occurs in response to sustained myocardial ischemia

21
Q

Myocardial infarction contributers (5)

A
  1. ischemia (sustained)
  2. atherosclerosis
  3. thombus (moving blood clot)
  4. arterial spasm
  5. hypovolemic shock (massive blood loss)
22
Q

30% of Myocardial infarctions are _______

A

asymptomatic; may be in a small area of tissue that has little to no impact on CO

23
Q

Myocardial Infarction diagnosis

A
  1. Hx
  2. symptoms
  3. serial serum enzymes
  4. ECG changes

(must have + findings in 2 of 3)

24
Q

Myocardial infarction RX

A

rapid management to limit size of infarct and scope of damage

25
Q

Complications of a myocardial infarction (4)

A
  1. Arrythmias
  2. heart failure
  3. Thrombolytic
  4. Heart structure damage
26
Q

Arrythmias & MIs

A
  1. Occur in 90% of post-MI
  2. Vary in severity according to damage and location
  3. VT, VF and SVT are most probable cause of post-MI deaths
27
Q

Heart failure

A

abnormality in the effective mechanical performance of heart; decreased/inability to maintain adequate CO

28
Q

Thrombolytic & MIs

A
  1. Venous and mural thrombi may occur
  2. occur primarily due to venous stasis
  3. can result in pulmonary embolism
29
Q

venous thombi

A

Thrombus in vessel

30
Q

mural thrombi

A

Thrombus in wall of heart (usually in left ventricle); S&sx: sudden significant pain, numbness, coldness of extremity
TX: surgical emobolectomy

31
Q

venous stasis

A

blood flow thats not going anywhere

32
Q

Heart structure damage and MIs

A
  1. Papillary muscle rupture
  2. intraventricular septal rupture
  3. V. aneurysm formation

4-7 days post MIs; RX = surgery

33
Q

Pericarditis & MIs

A

2-3 days post-MI

accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac- if rapid; compressed heart resulting incardiac tamponade (life threat.), increasing pressure restricts diastolic filling and dec. CO & arterial pres.

TX: aspiration of fluid, pain killers, steroids, abx

34
Q

Sudden cardiac death definition

A

unexpected w/o prior symptoms

usually in apprently healthy individuals engaging in normal activities

35
Q

Sudden cardiac death RFs

A
  1. v. electrical instability
  2. extensive CAD
  3. abnormal LV function
  4. Ejection fraction <20%
36
Q

Ejection fraction

A

amt. left in left v. compared to amt. out. Normal is 50-65%

37
Q

Congestive Heart failure definition

A

inability of heart to maintain adequate CO

38
Q

Types of Congestive Heart failure

A
  1. Acute
  2. Chronic
  3. Compensated/Uncompensated
39
Q

Acute Congestive heart failure

A

rapid failure of heart pump

40
Q

Chronic congestive heart failure

A

develops gradually, chronic retention of fluid and salt by kidneys

leading cause of hospitalization >65yrs

leads to end organ failure

41
Q

Compensated congestive heart failure

A

heart adapted to chronic heart failure

good enough at rest only, heart maintains adequate CO through compensatory mechs and pharmacological intervention

42
Q

uncompensated congestive heart failure

A

compensatory mechs at work but cannot maintain CO (pharm intervention can help)

43
Q

Intractable congestive heart failure

A

heart fails despite the therapies; only rx is heart transplant

EF <20% (~5-10%); Low CO

Cardiac Rehab (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions