Cardiovascular/Blood

Question 1

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 1

Heart-Lungs-Heart

Question 2

Systemic Circulation

Answer 2

Heart-Body-Heart

Question 3

Arteries

Answer 3

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the body

Question 4

Veins

Answer 4

Carry oxygen poor blood back from the body to the heart

Question 5

Benefits of the parallel arrangement

Answer 5

• systemic organs can receive arterial blood of identical composition
• systemic organs can receive similar pressure gradient
• blood flow to the systemic organs can be independently controlled
• reduced total peripheral resistance

Question 6

Contractile cells

Answer 6

• Na+ channels open causing initial depolarization
• At the peak of depolarization Na+ channels close and Fast-K+ channels open
• At the plateau Ca** channels open and Fast-K+ channels close
• At repolarization there is an increased permeability to K+ and slow-K+ channels open

Question 7

Autorhythmic Cells

Answer 7

• If channels are permisible to both Na+ and K+. Open when Na+ influx > K+ efflux. Depolarization if channels close
• t-Ca++ open as potential becomes more positive and bring the cell to threshold. At threshold they close and L-Ca++ channels open
• K+ channels open at the peak of depolarization and K+ efflux causes repolarization

Question 8

Late Diastole

Answer 8

Both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively

Question 9

Atrial systole

Answer 9

Atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into the ventricles

Question 10

Isovolumic ventricular contraction

Answer 10

First phase of ventricle contraction pushes av valves closed by does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves

Question 11

Ventricular ejection

Answer 11

As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected

Question 12

Isovolumic ventricular relaxation

Answer 12

As ventricles relax pressure in ventricles falls and blood flows back into cusps of semilunar valves and snaps them closed

Question 13

P wave

Answer 13

Depolarization of atrial muscle

Question 14

P-R or P-Q interval

Answer 14

SA node depolarizations to start of ventricular depolarization. Conduction through av node and av bundle. Atrial contracts

Question 15

QRS complex

Answer 15

Depolarization of ventricular muscle

Question 16

S-T segment

Answer 16

Depolarized state of ventricular muscle. Ventricles contract

Question 17

T wave

Answer 17

Repolarization of ventricular muscle

Question 18

Q-T interval

Answer 18

Total time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization

Question 19

T-P interval

Answer 19

Refractory period, heart is at rest

Question 20

MAP

Answer 20

Determined by blood volume, effectiveness of the heart as a pump, resistance of the system to blood flow, and relative distribution of blood between arterial and venous blood vessels

Question 21

Colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 21

Determined by the solute concentration within a compartment. Exerted by interstitial fluid onto capillary

Question 22

Hydrostatics pressure

Answer 22

Pressure of the fluid upon the surface of a compartment

Question 23

Hemostasis- temporary blockage

Answer 23

Done by a platelet plug. Platelets stick to exposed collagen. Platelets secrete cytokines to reinforce vasoconstriction and activate more platelets

Question 24

Norepinephrine

Answer 24

Attached to alpha 1 receptors with a high affinity for norepinephrine causing vasoconstriction

Question 25

Epinephrine

Answer 25

Travels through the blood with not as high affinity for alpha receptors however it does still bind and reinforce vasoconstriction. Beta 2 receptors in the liver, heart and skeletal muscles cause vasodilation.

Question 26

Increased venous return

Answer 26

Causes an increased stretch and an increased contractile force to accommodate for the increased venous return