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A-LEVEL PE [Paper 1-Mr Neville] > Cardiovascular and respiratory systems > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 structures of the conduction system

A
  • Sino-atrial node (SA node)
  • Atrio-ventricular (AV node)
  • Bundle of His
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkyne fibres
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2
Q

Name the stages in the cardiac cycle

A
  • Diastole
  • Atrial systole
  • Ventricular systole
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3
Q

Name the full cycle of the heart, including both the cardiac cycle and conduction system

A
  • Diastole
  • No electrical impulse
  • Atrial systole
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • Ventricular systole
  • Bundle of His
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibres
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4
Q

Define Heart rate

A

the number of heart beats per minute

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5
Q

Define Stroke Volume

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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6
Q

Define Cardiac output with units

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute in l/min

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7
Q

Give the formula used to find cardiac output

A

Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

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8
Q

Define Bradycardia

A

a resting heart rate below 60 bpm

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9
Q

Give the formula used to find maximal heart rate

A

Max HR = 220 - age

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10
Q

What’s the average cardiac output at rest?

A

5 l/min

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11
Q

Define sub-maximal exercise

A

exercise at a low-to-moderate intensity within a performers aerobic capacity

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12
Q

Define maximal exercise

A

exercise at a high intensity above a performers aerobic capacity

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13
Q

During sustained sub-maximal exercise, HR can plateau. What does this plateau represent?

A

represents the supply meeting demand for oxygen delivery and waste removal

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14
Q

Stroke volume increases in proportion to exercise intensity until a plateau is reached at approximately ___% of working capacity

A

40-60%

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15
Q

Name the reasons why stroke volume is able to increase

A
  • increased venous return

- starling’s law

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16
Q

What is starling’s law?

A

increased venous return leads to an increased stroke volume, due to an increased stretch of the ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction

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17
Q

State why stroke volume reaches a plateau during sub-maximal intensity

A

there is not enough time for the ventricles to completely fill with blood in the diastolic phase, limiting starlings law

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18
Q

What regulates heart rate and determines the firing rate of the SA node

A

The automatic nervous system (ANS)

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19
Q

Name the control mechanisms of the CCC

A
  • neural control
  • intrinsic control
  • hormonal control
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20
Q

What is this referring to? “a control centre in the medulla oblongata”

A

Cardiac control centre (CCC)

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21
Q

In the neural control, what are the 3 receptors and what do they detect?

A
  • chemoreceptors: CO2, O2, PH levels
  • baroreceptors: Blood Pressure and vasodilation/constriction
  • proprioceptors: movements
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22
Q

What does the intrinsic control detect?

A
  • temperature changes

- venous return

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23
Q

What does hormonal control detect?

A

levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline

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24
Q

What nerve does the sympathetic nervous system use?

A

Accelerator nerve

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25
Q

What nerve does the parasympathetic nervous system use?

A

Vagus nerve

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26
Q

When HR needs to increase, state which nervous system is actioned and what it does?

A

the sympathetic nervous system is actioned, releasing adrenaline, noradrenaline and sending stimulation to the SA node via the accelerator

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27
Q

When HR needs to decrease, state which nervous system is actioned and what it does?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system is actioned to inhibit these effects via the vagus nerve

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28
Q

What type of blood vessels transport oxygenated blood?

A

Arteries and arterioles

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29
Q

What type of blood vessels transport deoxygenated blood?

A

Veins and venules

30
Q

What type of blood vessel has a wall composed of one layer of cells

A

capillaries

31
Q

“they have a large layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue” what blood vessel type am I referring to?

A

arteries

32
Q

“they have a small layer of smooth muscle, and have pocket valves to prevent backflow” which blood vessel type am I referring to?

A

veins

33
Q

Define vascular shunt mechanism

A

the redistribution of blood flow from one area to another

34
Q

Describe the distribution of cardiac output during rest

A

a high percentage of cardiac output is distributed to the organs, a low percentage is distributed to the muscles

35
Q

Explain what the pre-capillary sphincters do to distribute blood flow to the muscles and organs at rest

A

precapillary sphincters dilate, increasing blood flow to the organs, while precapillary sphincters constrict limiting blood flow to the muscles

36
Q

Explain what the arterioles do to distribute blood flow to the muscles and organs at rest

A

arterioles to the organs vasodilate, increasing blood flow, while arterioles to the muscles vasoconstrict to limit blood flow

37
Q

What happens when sympathetic stimulation increases

A

arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters vasoconstrict to limit blood flow

38
Q

What happens when sympathetic stimulation decreases

A

arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters vasodilate to increase blood flow

39
Q

Define Breathing rate

A

the number of inspirations or expirations per minute

40
Q

Define Tidal volume

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per breath

41
Q

Define Minute ventilation

A

the volume of air inspired or expired per minute

42
Q

Give the formula that is used to find minute ventilation

A

Minute ventilation = breathing rate x tidal volume

43
Q

Name the muscles found in between the ribs

A

intercostal muscles

44
Q

Which 2 muscles are largely responsible for inspiration at rest and do they relax or contract

A

the external intercostals and the diaphragm contracts

45
Q

Which 2 muscles are largely responsible for inspiration during exercise and do they relax or contract

A

sternodeidomastoid and pectoralis minor contracts

46
Q

Which 2 muscles are largely responsible for expiration at rest and do they relax or contract

A

external intercostals and diaphragm relax

47
Q

Which 2 muscles are largely responsible for expiration during exercise and do they relax or contract

A

internal intercostals and rectus abdominis contract

48
Q

Describe the movements of the ribs and sternum during inspiration

A

up and out

49
Q

Describe the movements of the ribs and sternum during expiration

A

out and in

50
Q

What happens to the volume of thoracic cavity during inspiration

A

increases

51
Q

What happens to the volume of thoracic cavity during expiration

A

decreases

52
Q

What happens to the pressure in the lungs during inspiration

A

decreases

53
Q

What happens to the pressure in the lungs during expiration

A

increases

54
Q

Which nerve stimulates the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

55
Q

Which nerve stimulates the external intercostals

A

intercostal nerve

56
Q

What is the external site for gaseous exchange

A

between the alveoli and blood capillaries

57
Q

What is the internal site for gaseous exchange

A

between the blood capillaries and muscle cells

58
Q

Define the boar shift

A

a move in oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right caused by increased acidity in the blood stream

59
Q

EQ. Compare the process of gas exchange at the muscles during exercise to resting conditions (4 marks)

A
  • during exercise the partial pressure of O2 is lower than during rest
  • the partial pressure of CO2 is higher than during rest
  • the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right (the boar shift)
  • the diffusion gradient is steeper
60
Q

EQ. Explain how venous return mechansisms can aid venous return and prevent bood pooling (4 marks)

A
  • valves in veins prevent backflow
  • smooth muscle in blood vessels contract to push blood back to the heart
  • muscle pump causes muscles in leg to contract aiding movement of blood back to the heart
  • respiratory pump causes pressure difference in thoracic cavity aidning the return of blod
61
Q

Name a mineral responsible for the formation of haemoglobin

A

iron

62
Q

EQ. Explain how and why the vascular shunt mechanism redistributes blood in a cyclist as they begin cycling at the start of the even. (5 marks)

A

-vascular shunt mechanism redistributes blood to the working muscles that need more oxygen
-and away from the organs that need less oxygen
-using the vasomotor control
-the arterioles to the working muscles dilate
-the precapillary sphincters to the working muscles dilate
(opposite works as well for constriction at the organs)

63
Q

EQ. Describe the mechanics of breathing which causes inspiration at exercise. (3 marks)

A
  • the additional muscles sternomastoid and pectoralis minor contracts
  • the ribs move upwards and outwards further
  • the volume on the thoracic cavity increases more
  • the pressure in the lungs decreased more
64
Q

EQ. Define the term ‘stroke volume’ and give a typical resting value for a trained individual. (2 marks)

A
  • volume of blood ejected from left ventricle in each beat

- 80-120ml

65
Q

EQ. Explain the impact of regular exercise on the lifestyle diseases of coronary heart disease (CHD) and asthma. (4 marks)

A 
CHD...
-reduces levels of cholesterol in blood
-prevents atherosclerosis
Asthma...
-increases strength of respiratory muscles 
-increases efficiency of gas exchange
66
Q

EQ. Describe intrinsic factors that control heart rate during exercise. (2 marks)

A
  • increased venous return

- increased stretch of the ventricular walls

67
Q

EQ. Describe four mechanisms of venous return that maintain blood flow back to the heart. (4 marks)

A
  • pocket valves prevent backflow of blood
  • smooth muscle in walls of veins contract
  • respiratory pump creates pressure differences in thoracic to abdominal cavity during breathing
  • muscle pump where muscles contract squeezing veins and blood back to the heart
68
Q

EQ. Explain why the minute ventilation of the trained individual would be lower at rest than that of the untrained individual. (3 marks)

A
  • more efficient gas exchange at the alveoli
  • more efficient transport of oxygen because of more RBCs
  • more efficient use of oxyen at the muscles
69
Q

EQ. Describe the role of proprioceptors in the control of tidal volume changes during exercise. (3 marks)

A
  • proprioceptors detect increased movement in muscles
  • sends signals to RCC
  • increased stimulation of respiratory muscles
70
Q

EQ. Describe the role of proprioceptors in the control of tidal volume changes during recovery. (2 marks)

A
  • proprioceptors detect decreased movement in muscles
  • sends signals to RCC
  • reduced stimulation of respiratory muscles
71
Q

EQ. Explain the term ‘excess post-exercise oxygen consumption’ (EPOC). (3 marks)

A
  • the volume of oxygen needed to return body to pre-exercise state
  • there are fast and slow components
  • oxygen used to break down lactic acid

A-LEVEL PE [Paper 1-Mr Neville] (10 decks)

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