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National Physical Therapy Examination: Cardiovascular > Cardiovascular and Pulmonary: Laboratory Tests and Values > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Pulmonary: Laboratory Tests and Values Flashcards

1
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: SpO2: Normal Range

A
  • 98 to 100%
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2
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: Spo2: Clinical Significance

A
  • Below 88-90 typically requires supplemental O2
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3
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: PaO2: Normal Range

A
  • 90 to 100 mmHg
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4
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: PaO2: Clinical Significance

A
  • Increase in PaO2 in hyper-oxygenation
  • Decrease in PaO2 in cardiac decompensation
  • Significant measure in COPD and some neurologic disorders
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5
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: PaCO2: Normal Range

A
  • 35-45 mmHg
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6
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: PaCo2: Clinical Significance : Increased PaCO2

A
  • Increased PaCO2 in:
  • COPD
  • Hypoventilation
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7
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: PaCo2: Clinical Significance : Decreased PaCO2

A
  • Decreased PaCO2 in:
  • Hyperventilation
  • Pregnancy
  • Pulmonary embolism
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8
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: pH of Whole Blood: Normal Range

A
  • 7.35 to 7.45
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9
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: pH of Whole Blood: Clinical Significance

A
  • Less than 7.35=Acidic

- Greater than 7.45=Alkalytic

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10
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: pH of Whole Blood: Clinical Significance: Increased respiratory alkalosis

A

Caused by:

  • Hyperventilation
  • Sepsis
  • Liver disease
  • Fever
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11
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: pH of Whole Blood: Clinical Significance: Increased metabolic alkalosis

A

Caused by:

  • Vomiting
  • Potassium depletion
  • Diuretics
  • Volume depletion
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12
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: pH of Whole Blood: Clinical Significance: Decreased respiratory alkalosis

A

Caused by

  • Seen in Hypoventilation
  • Seen in COPD
  • Slowed respiratory rate
  • Myasthenia
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13
Q

Arterial Blood Gases: pH of Whole Blood: Clinical Significance: Decreased metabolic acidosis

A
  • Deficit in bicarbonate
  • Increased acids
    Caused by:
  • Diabetes
  • Alcohol
  • Starvation
  • Renal failure
  • Increased acid intake
  • Loss of alkaline body fluids
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14
Q

Hemostasis: Clotting/Bleeding Times: Prothrombin Time: Normal Range

A
  • 11-15 sec
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15
Q

Hemostasis: Clotting/Bleeding Times: Prothrombin Time: Clinical Significance

A

Seen in

  • Increased X factor deficiency
  • Hemorrhagic Disease
  • Cirrhosis
  • Hepatitis drugs
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16
Q

Hemostasis: Clotting/Bleeding Times: Partial Thromboplastin Time: Normal Range

A
  • 25- 40 sec
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17
Q

Hemostasis: Clotting/Bleeding Times: Partial Thromboplastin Time: Clinical Significance

A

Seen in

- Increased factor VIII and IX and X deficiency

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18
Q

Hemostasis: Clotting/Bleeding Times: International Normalized Ratio: Normal Ranges

A
  • 0.9-1.1
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19
Q

Hemostasis: Clotting/Bleeding Times: International Normalized Ratio: Clinical Significance: Target INR’s of 2-3

A

Patients with

  • DVT’s
  • Pulmonary Embolism
  • Mechanical valves
  • A-fib
  • Anticoagulant therapy
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20
Q

Hemostasis: Clotting/Bleeding Times: International Normalized Ratio: Clinical Significance: Target INR’s of 3.5

A

Patient’s with

  • DVT’s
  • Pulmonary Embolism
  • Mechanical valves
  • A-fib
  • Anticoagulant therapy
  • ONE OF THE ABOVE + GENETIC CLOTTING DISORDERS.
21
Q

Hemostasis: Clotting/Bleeding Times: International Normalized Ratio: Clinical Significance: Therapist should check for

A
  • Active bleeding

- Teach compensatory strategies to reduce fall risk

22
Q

Hemostasis: Clotting/Bleeding Times: C-Reactive Protein: Normal Range

A
  • CRP less than 10 mg/dL

- Bleeding time of 2-10 minutes

23
Q

Hemostasis: Clotting/Bleeding Times: C-Reactive Protein: Clinical Significance

A

Seen in

  • Increased in platelet disorders and thrombocytopenia
  • Increased levels associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis
  • Greater than 100 mg/dl associated with inflammation and infection
24
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: White Blood Cells: Normal Range

A
  • 4300- 10,800
25
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: White Blood Cells: Clinical Significance: Increased WBC

A
  • Increased WBC count indicative of infection or corticosteroid use.
26
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: White Blood Cells: Clinical Significance: Decreased WBC

A
  • Decrease in WBC count with aplastic disorders and B12 or folate deficiency
27
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: White Blood Cells: Clinical Significance: Physical Therapy Considerations

A
  • Immunocompromised patients have increased risk of infection
  • Consider metabolic demands in presence of fever
  • Use a mask when WBC’s are less than 1000 to 2000 pr absolute neutrophil count less than 500 to 1000
28
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Red Blood Cells: Normal Range

A
  • Male=4.6 to 6.2 X 10^6/ uL

- Female= 4.2-5.9 C 10^6/ uL

29
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Red Blood Cells: Clinical Significance Increased RBC Count

A
  • Polycythemia
30
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Red Blood Cells: Clinical Significance Decreased RBC Count

31
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: Normal Range

A
  • Male=Less than 15 mm/hr

- Female= Less than 20mm/hr

32
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: Clinical Significance: Increased Rate

A

Increased ESR seen in

  • Infection
  • Inflammation
  • Rheumatic or pelvic inflammatory disease
  • Osteomyelitis
33
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: Clinical Significance: Monitoring

A
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
  • Systemic Lupus Erythema
  • Hodgekin’s Disease
34
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Hematocrit/% of the RBC of whole blood: Normal Range

A
  • Males=45-52%

- Females=37 to 48%

35
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Hematocrit/% of the RBC of whole blood: Clinical Significance: Increased Hematocrit

A
  • Increased erythrocytes
  • Dehydration
  • Shock
36
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Hematocrit/% of the RBC of whole blood: Clinical Significance: Decreased Hematocrit

A
  • Anemia

- Acute hemorrhage

37
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Hematocrit/% of the RBC of whole blood: Clinical Significance: Physical Therapy Considerations

A
  • Low Hematocrit can cause low exercise intolerance

- Low Hematocrit can cause increased fatigue and tachycardia

38
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Hemoglobin: Normal Range

A
  • Men=13-18 g/dl

- Women=12-16 g/dl

39
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Hemoglobin: Clinical Significance: Increased Hemoglobin

A

Increased HgB seen in

  • Polycythemia
  • Dehydration
  • Shock
40
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Hemoglobin: Clinical Significance: Decreased Hemoglobin

A

Decreased HgB seen in

  • Anemia
  • Hemorrhage
  • RBC destruction
41
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Hemoglobin: Clinical Significance: Physical Therapy Considerations

A

Low HgB can cause

  • Low exercise tolerance
  • Increased fatigue and tachycardia
42
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Platelet Count: Normal Range

A
  • 150,000 to 450,000 cells/mm^3
43
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Platelet Count: Clinical Significance: Increased Platelets

A

Increased platelets can be indicative of

  • Chronic Leukemia
  • Hemoconcentration
44
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Platelet Count: Clinical Significance: Decreased Platelets

A

Decreased platelets can be indicative of

  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Acute leukemia
  • Aplastic Disorders
  • Chemotherapy
45
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Platelet Count: Clinical Significance: Physical Therapy Considerations

A

Low levels of Platelets can cause

  • Increased risk of bleeding
  • Monitor for hematuria and petechiae or other signs of active bleeding
46
Q

Complete Blood Cell Count Adult Values: Platelet Count: Clinical Significance: Physical Therapy Considerations: Treatment Guidelines

A
  • Less than 20,000=AROM and ADL’s only
  • 20,000 to 30,000=Light exercise only
  • 30,000 to 50,000=Moderate Exercise
47
Q

PAO2

A
  • PAO2=80-100 mmH
48
Q

Tidal Volume

National Physical Therapy Examination: Cardiovascular (46 decks)

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