Cardiovascular Anatomy Q3

Question 1

What are the regions of the mediastinum?

Answer 1

Anterior mediastinum, Middle mediastinum, posterior mediastinum,(these three make up the inferior mediastinum) and superior mediastinum.

Question 2

What is the area of the inferior mediastinum?

Answer 2

From the sternal angle or T4 area down to the diaphragm

Question 3

What organ is part of the anterior mediastinum?

Answer 3

Thymus.

Question 4

What organ is part of the middle mediastinum?

Answer 4

Heart.

Question 5

What are some of the things located in the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 5

Veins, arteries, nerves, lymphatics.

Question 6

What is the area covered by the superior mediastinum, and why is it considered the danger space?

Answer 6

it is from the first rib down to sternal angle. It is the danger space because it is an area where infection can travel to from the oral cavity and then spread to the rest of the mediastinum.

Question 7

What are some of structures in the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 7

Sympathetic trunk and the greater splanchnic nerve.

Question 8

How do the abdominopelvic organs get their sympathetic innveration?

Answer 8

From the greater splanchnic, lesser splanchnic nerves, and least splanchnic nerve.

Question 9

Where do the greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves emerge from?

Answer 9

All originate in lateral horn. The greater splanchnic nerves course through but do not synapse in the T5-T9 sympathetic chain then gather and course down to abdomen. the lesser splanchnic nerves course through but do not synapse in the T10 and T11 sympathetic chain then course down to the abdomen. The least courses through T12 and down to abdomen.

Question 10

Answer 10

Skinny upper left: Accessory hemiazygos vein

Thick: Azygos vein

Skinny lower left: Hemiazygos vein

Question 11

Answer 11

Posterior intercostal veins. NOTE these drain into the azygos vein.

Question 12

Answer 12

Internal thoracic vein.

Question 13

Answer 13

Anterior intercostal veins. NOTE these drain into the internal toracic veins.

Question 14

Answer 14

Thoracic lymphatic duct and the swelling by the multifidis muscle is the cisterna chyli. It is responsible for draining the lymphatics of the whole body besides the right side of the head, neck, chest, and arms.

Question 15

Answer 15

Posterior intercostal arteries. They branch off of the ascending aorta.

Question 16

Answer 16

Internal thoracic (mammilary) artery. Branch into the internal intercostal arteries.

Question 17

Answer 17

Ascending aorta, brachiocephalic artery, R. subclavian artery, R. common carotid artery.

Question 18

What is the space the heart sits in?

Answer 18

Pericardial Sac.

Question 19

What forms the right boarder of the heart?

Answer 19

Right atrium

Question 20

What forms the anterior boarder of the heart?

Answer 20

Right ventricle.

Question 21

What forms the posterior boarder of the heart?

Answer 21

Left atrium.

Question 22

What makes the S1 and S2 sounds?

Answer 22

S1- Lub, when AV valves shut.

S2- Dub, when semilunar valves close.

Question 23

Explain systole and diastole

Answer 23

Systole(S1) is ventricular contraction and diastole(S2) is ventricular filling.

Question 24

ID right and left coronary artery, left circumflex artery, and the anterior interventricular artery

Answer 24

Question 25

When is a heart said to be left or right side dominant?

Answer 25

When the posterior descending artery(PDA) is fed by the RCA it is right dominant.

Question 26

Where is the middle cardiac vein and the great cardiac vein located?

Answer 26

Middle cardiac vein is near the PDA and the great cardiac vein is by the anterior interventricular artery.

Question 27

What inervation is responsble for increasing heart contraction?

Answer 27

Sympathetic.

Question 28

Which nerves are responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the heart?

Answer 28

T1-T4 and cervical sympathetic nerves.

Question 29

What nerves are responsible for parasympathetic inervation of the heart?

Answer 29

Medulla, vagus and intramural ganglion.

Question 30

What is responsible for signal conduction in the heart?

Answer 30

Modified cardiac cells.

Question 31

What happens when your heart suffers damage? (i.e., ischemia due to interupotion of arterial blood supply.)

Answer 31

Your body does not regularly recieve these signals and when it recieves a signal from this area it tries to guess where the signal is coming from. Since it is in the T1-T4 area it assumes that it is a Dermatome from the left birachial area. could be sensed as dull, diffused, non-localized pain in arm. Note that the visceral afferent neurons parallel to the vagus nerve can cause facial pain.