Cardiovascular Anatomy Q3 Flashcards
What are the regions of the mediastinum?
Anterior mediastinum, Middle mediastinum, posterior mediastinum,(these three make up the inferior mediastinum) and superior mediastinum.
What is the area of the inferior mediastinum?
From the sternal angle or T4 area down to the diaphragm
What organ is part of the anterior mediastinum?
Thymus.
What organ is part of the middle mediastinum?
Heart.
What are some of the things located in the posterior mediastinum?
Veins, arteries, nerves, lymphatics.
What is the area covered by the superior mediastinum, and why is it considered the danger space?
it is from the first rib down to sternal angle. It is the danger space because it is an area where infection can travel to from the oral cavity and then spread to the rest of the mediastinum.
What are some of structures in the posterior mediastinum?
Sympathetic trunk and the greater splanchnic nerve.
How do the abdominopelvic organs get their sympathetic innveration?
From the greater splanchnic, lesser splanchnic nerves, and least splanchnic nerve.
Where do the greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves emerge from?
All originate in lateral horn. The greater splanchnic nerves course through but do not synapse in the T5-T9 sympathetic chain then gather and course down to abdomen. the lesser splanchnic nerves course through but do not synapse in the T10 and T11 sympathetic chain then course down to the abdomen. The least courses through T12 and down to abdomen.
Skinny upper left: Accessory hemiazygos vein
Thick: Azygos vein
Skinny lower left: Hemiazygos vein
Posterior intercostal veins. NOTE these drain into the azygos vein.
Internal thoracic vein.
Anterior intercostal veins. NOTE these drain into the internal toracic veins.
Thoracic lymphatic duct and the swelling by the multifidis muscle is the cisterna chyli. It is responsible for draining the lymphatics of the whole body besides the right side of the head, neck, chest, and arms.
Posterior intercostal arteries. They branch off of the ascending aorta.
Internal thoracic (mammilary) artery. Branch into the internal intercostal arteries.
Ascending aorta, brachiocephalic artery, R. subclavian artery, R. common carotid artery.
What is the space the heart sits in?
Pericardial Sac.
What forms the right boarder of the heart?
Right atrium
What forms the anterior boarder of the heart?
Right ventricle.
What forms the posterior boarder of the heart?
Left atrium.
What makes the S1 and S2 sounds?
S1- Lub, when AV valves shut.
S2- Dub, when semilunar valves close.
Explain systole and diastole
Systole(S1) is ventricular contraction and diastole(S2) is ventricular filling.
ID right and left coronary artery, left circumflex artery, and the anterior interventricular artery
When is a heart said to be left or right side dominant?
When the posterior descending artery(PDA) is fed by the RCA it is right dominant.
Where is the middle cardiac vein and the great cardiac vein located?
Middle cardiac vein is near the PDA and the great cardiac vein is by the anterior interventricular artery.
What inervation is responsble for increasing heart contraction?
Sympathetic.
Which nerves are responsible for the sympathetic innervation of the heart?
T1-T4 and cervical sympathetic nerves.
What nerves are responsible for parasympathetic inervation of the heart?
Medulla, vagus and intramural ganglion.
What is responsible for signal conduction in the heart?
Modified cardiac cells.
What happens when your heart suffers damage? (i.e., ischemia due to interupotion of arterial blood supply.)
Your body does not regularly recieve these signals and when it recieves a signal from this area it tries to guess where the signal is coming from. Since it is in the T1-T4 area it assumes that it is a Dermatome from the left birachial area. could be sensed as dull, diffused, non-localized pain in arm. Note that the visceral afferent neurons parallel to the vagus nerve can cause facial pain.
