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Nursing 287 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

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1
Q

cardiovascular disease

A

heart disease
general term for a variety of conditions involving the structure and functioning of the heart
different conditions have different causes
one of the leading causes of death in adults
1/3 of canadians affected
16% of hospitalizations due to this

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2
Q

types of cardiovascular

disease

A 
ischemic heart disease
cerebrovascualr disease
peripheral vascular disease
heart failure 
rheumatic heart disease (damage to valves due to rheumatic fever)
congenital heart disease
angina
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3
Q

ischemic heart disease

A

circulation of blood to heart muscle compromised; can cause angina
can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack)

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4
Q

cerebrovascular disease

A

circulation of blood in blood vessels to the brain are compromised
transient ischemic attack (TIA, blockage for less than 24 hours)
cerebrovascular accident/stroke (long term blockage)

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5
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

circulation of blood to legs is compromised

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6
Q

heart failure

A

pumping of heart is unable to provide enough blood for the rest of body

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7
Q

angina

A

chest pain

occurs with temporary blockage of oxygen

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8
Q

myocardial infarction

A

MI

heart attack

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9
Q

infarct

A

localized area of necrosis from obstruction of blood supply

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10
Q

necrosis

A

cell death

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11
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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12
Q

ischemia

A

insufficient supply of blood to an organ usually due to a blocked artery

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13
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack in the brain
“temporary” stroke
usually no permanent deficits

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14
Q

heart attack does not = cardiac arrest

A

cardiac arrest = heart has stopped pumping

a heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest but not always

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15
Q

link of hypertension to heart disease

A

hypertension can lead to ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular disease
ischemic heart disease can lead to heart failure

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16
Q

hypertension

A

chronic high blood pressure
risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease
“silent killer” due to no symptoms

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17
Q

symptoms of a myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A 
chest discomfort
jaw, neck, back, or arm pain
gastric pain or heartburn
nausea/vomiting
shortness of breath
cold sweat or lightheadedness
pale skin
denial
weight pressing on chest/radiating pain not sharp pain
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18
Q

heart attack symptoms in women

A

women may not experience chest pain
women can experience atypical symptoms that are not always recognized
may have lower back pain and just an overall feeling of tiredness and groggyness

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19
Q

most recent data on heart attacks

A
  1. 5% canadian adults over 20 live with diagnosed ischemic heart disease
  2. 1% with a history of a heart attack
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20
Q

coronary artery disease

A

damage to the coronary arteries (vessels supplying the heart)
arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
can lead to heart attack

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21
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of blood vessels due to age or due to atherosclerosis

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22
Q

atherosclerosis

A

build up of plaque compromising blood flow and blood vessel functioning
causes narrowing and hardening of blood vessels
plaque composed of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the blood

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23
Q

HDL and LDL

A

high density lipoproteins (good cholesterol, protective against heart disease and decrease atherosclerosis)
low density lipoproteins (bad cholesterol, associated with plaque buildup)

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24
Q

heart failure

A

heart failing as a pump due to damage
inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the cells for oxygen and nutrients
can lead to decreased cardiac output
can result from CVD, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial injury

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25
Q

signs and symptoms of heart failure

A 
fluid overload
inadequate tissue perfusion
shortness of breath
swelling of legs and feet 
lack of energy
difficulty sleeping
swollen abdomen
loss of appetite 
increased urination at night
confusion
impaired memory
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26
Q

heart failure leads to…

A

systolic heart failure (decreased contraction = decreased amount of blood ejected by ventricles)
diastolic heart failure (decreased filling = higher pressure in ventricles leads to poor in-flow)
*decreased cardiac output

27
Q

non-modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease

A

age
sex (male have a higher risk than women until menopause and then it is even risk)
family history
ethnic origins

28
Q

modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease

A 
smoking 
lack of exercise
unhealthy eating
high cholesterol
hypertension
sodium
stress
diabetes
substance use
*domestic violence
29
Q

what we know about major chronic diseases

A

material deprivation and adversity during childhood contribute to heart disease and adult-onset diabetes
material effects, psychosocial responses, and health threatening coping mechanisms play a role
effects of living and working conditions swap the effects of behavioural risk factors
poverty, unemployment, adverse working conditions also play a role

30
Q

cerebrovascular disease

A

stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CA)
one of the leading causes of death and disabilty
741,800 over 20 live with effects of a stroke
caused by interruption of normal blood flow to an area of the brain
babies inutero can have strokes
stroke risk factors increase after age 55

31
Q

signs and symptoms of a stroke

A 
FAST
face drooping
arm weakness
speech difficulty
time to call 911
early detection = early treatment = early intervention
32
Q

modifiable risk factors for storkes

A 
hypertension (high blood pressure single most important stroke risk factor that can be controlled)
smoking
high cholesterol
diabetes
atrial fibrillation
excessive alcohol
recreational drug use (weed, heroine, cocaine, ecstasy)
obesity
stress
33
Q

non-modifiable risk factors for strokes

A 
age
sex
ethnic origin
family history
prior stroke or TIA
34
Q

assessing risk factors for stroke

A 
individual level (screening, physical assessment, assessment of the determinants of health)
population level (population health approach, measure and analyze)
35
Q

blood pressure

A

pressure or force of blood against the walls of blood vessels as it circulates

36
Q

screening

A

an example of surveillance
identification of abnormalities, unrecognized disease or defect through tests and procedures
tells us who probably has the disease and who doesn’t

37
Q

characteristics of screening

A

screening techniques can be applied rapidly
save time
NOT diagnostic
identifies abnormal findings which can be referred for further evaluation and diagnosis

38
Q

blood pressure is a key measure of the health of…

A

the cardiovascular system

39
Q

hypertension leading to heart failure

A

hypertension can lead to ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular disease
ischemic heart disease can lead to heart failure

40
Q

blood pressure: systolic vs. diastolic pressure

A

systolic pressure = top number, pressure of the blood exerted on the artery wall as a result of contraction of the left ventricle
diastolic pressure = bottom number, pressure of blood exerted on the artery wall when the ventricle is at rest

41
Q

factors influencing blood pressure

A 
cardiac output (increase = increase BP, decrease = decrease BP)
vascular resistance (increase = increase BP, decrease = decrease BP)
volume (increase = increase BP, decrease = decrease BP)
viscosity (increase = increase BP)
elasticity of arterial walls (increase = increase BP)
42
Q

factors affecting blood pressure

A 
age
exercise
stress
race
obesity
sex
medications (prescribed or over the counter)
sodium intake 
diurnal variations
disease process
43
Q

typical blood pressures

A

female = 90/60 (may change after menopause)
male = 120/80
90% will develop hypertension

44
Q

factors affecting PULSE

A 
age
sex
stress
fever
eating
food/drink
exercise
medications
hypovolemia
pathology
45
Q

normal pulse

A

60-100 bpm
bradycardia = slow
tachycardia = fast

46
Q

prevention levels

A 
primary prevention (population) = health promotion and addressing risk factors, social and genetic factors
secondary prevention (people at risk of a health problem) = screening of at risk individual, control of risk factors and early intervention
tertiary prevention (people with a health problem) = rehabilitation, preventing complications and improving quality of life
47
Q

advantages of screening

A 
targets the individual appropriately
people are motivated
physicians are motivated
cost-effective
benefits outweigh risks
48
Q

disadvantages of screening

A

difficulties and costs
late approach (palliative and temporary)
limited predictive use for this common condition (one risk factor may not result in the disease)
resistance to change

49
Q

framingham heart study

A

long term since 1948
looked at individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease
found: smoking increases risk of CVD, hypertension increases risk of stroke, atrial fibrillation increases risk of stroke, psychosocial things increase risk of heart disease, obesity increases risk of heart failure, sleep apneia increases risk of stroke

50
Q

canadian hypertension education program (CHEP)

goal

A

to reduce burden of cardiovascular disease in canada through optimized hypertension prevention and management

51
Q

CHEP activities

A

regularly updated evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and management of hypertension
knowledge translation and exchange of the recommendations to support implementation
regular evaluation and revision of the program
assessment of patient outcomes

52
Q

CHEP recommendations

A

all canadian adults should have their blood pressure assessed at all appropriate clinical visits
facilitate behaviour and lifestyle changes
achieve target blood pressures (140/90 or 130/80 for diabetics)
sustain the behaviour and lifestyle changes

53
Q

challenges to hypertension management

A

44% could not identify a normal blood pressure
80% unaware of association between hypertension and heart disease
63% believed hypertension wasn’t serious
38% thought they could control high blood pressure without help from healthcare
not everyone can afford or access help

54
Q

risk communication

A

inform and make people understand risk and/or the true value of intervention

55
Q

world health organization cardiovascular disease stats

A 
#1 cause of death globally
17.5 million people died from CVD in 2012
over 3/4 of CVD deaths occur in low and middle class countries
56
Q

PHAC CVD

A

1 in 3 canadians will die from CVD
in 2007 1.3 million canadians had heart disease diagnosis
in 2007 317,500 canadians were living with the effects of a stroke

57
Q

impact of CVD on individuals and families

A

perceived poor health
activity restriction
required assistance with activities of daily living
anxiety and depression

58
Q

progress…

A

recent decrease in mortality rates
but with aging population it could potentially increase
but increase in prevalence of obesity and diabetes which are both significant risk factors for CVD
9 out of 10 individuals have one of the risk factors
2 out 5 individuals have 3 or more risk factors

59
Q

financial costs of CVD

A

direct costs = hospitalizations, physician care, medication

indirect costs = premature death, long-term disability, short-term disability

60
Q

CHHS-AP 6 recommendations

A 
(canadian heart healthy strategy and action plan)
create heart healthy environments
help canadians lead healthier lives
access to care for indigenous canadians
reform health services
build knowledge and infrastructure
develop right service providers
61
Q

key elements of a population health approach

A 
measure health of population
address determinants of health
base decisions on evidence
invest upstream
apply multiple strategies to act on determinants of health
collaborate across levels and sectors
employ mechanisms to engage citizens 
increase accountability for health outcomes
62
Q

excess sodium…

A

accumulates in the blood and it attracts and holds water which increases blood volume
increased blood volume requires the heart to work harder and pump more blood through the vessels which increase blood pressure
if it lasts too long it can damage arteries over time

63
Q

benefits of decreasing dietary sodium

A

decreased dietary sodium decreases hypertension which decreases CVD which decreases costs to the healthcare system

Nursing 287 (12 decks)

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