Cardiovascular Flashcards
Which ONE of the following statements regarding the sliding filament theory of myocardial contraction is FALSE?
A - The troponin/tropomyosin complex is located on the actin filament
B - The troponin/tropomyosin complex is regulated by calcium
C - ATP is hydrolysed during the ‘power stroke’
D - ATP is hydrolysed by the myosin head
E - The myosin filament is the ‘thick’ filament
ATP is hydrolysed during the ‘power stroke’
What is the approximate rate of action potential generation by the sinoatrial node in humans when the node is not influenced by hormonal or neuronal control?
A - 200/minute
B - 100/minute
C - 72/minute
D - 40/minute
E - 30/minute
100/minute
Inhibition of which ONE of the following enzymes explains the pharmacological effects of atorvastatin?
A - 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase
B - Cholesteryl ester transfer protein
C - Lipoprotein lipase
D - Extracellular signal-related kinase
E - Amylase
3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase
Which ONE of the following statements regarding the vascular endothelium and its functions is FALSE?
A - Endothelium is located on the luminal surface of arteries, veins and capillaries
B - Endothelial function is compromised by atherosclerosis
C - Endothelium is necessary for acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation
D - alpha-adrenoreceptors located on the endothelium mediate vasoconstriction
E - Nitric oxide released from endothelium activates guanylyl cyclase in smooth muscle cells
alpha-adrenoreceptors located on the endothelium mediate vasoconstriction
Which drug acts on the kidney where it produces renin to reduce blood pressure?
A - Aliskiren
B - Captopril
C - Losartan
D - Spironolactone
E - Amlodipine
F - Atenolol
Atenolol
Which drug acts on the liver (which produces angiotensinogen) to reduce blood pressure?
A - Aliskiren
B - Captopril
C - Losartan
D - Spironolactone
E - Amlodipine
F - Atenolol
Aliskiren
Which drug acts on the lung (which produces ACE) to reduce blood pressure?
A - Aliskiren
B - Captopril
C - Losartan
D - Spironolactone
E - Amlodipine
F - Atenolol
Captopril
Which drug acts on the release of Angiotensin II to the vascular smooth muscle, posterior pituitary, adrenal cortex and kidney to reduce blood pressure?
A - Aliskiren
B - Captopril
C - Losartan
D - Spironolactone
E - Amlodipine
F - Atenolol
Losartan
Which drug acts on the vascular smooth muscle (causing vasoconstriction) to reduce blood pressure?
A - Aliskiren
B - Captopril
C - Losartan
D - Spironolactone
E - Amlodipine
F - Atenolol
Amlodipine
Which drug acts on the kidney (to cause H2O and Na+ reabsorption) to reduce blood pressure?
A - Aliskiren
B - Captopril
C - Losartan
D - Spironolactone
E - Amlodipine
F - Atenolol
Spironolactone
What is acute coronary syndrome?
A - Term used to describe different clinical syndromes including stable angina, variant angina and unstable angina
B - Term used to describe non-ST elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTEACs) and stable angina
C - Term used to describe a spectrum of clinical syndromes (unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI)
Term used to describe a spectrum of clinical syndromes (unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI)
A 60yr old patient is admitted with ST elevation myocardial infarction. They also have type 2 diabetes which they take metformin 1g BD (with meals) for. Their HbA1c on admission was 63 mmol/mol. What action should be taken with regards to their anti-diabetic therapy?
A - Nothing, the HbA1C target is within range
B - Confirm adherence to metformin, and explore eligibility for starting SGLT2i
C - Ask the GP to repeat the HbA1C, if still raised, could add another agent such as a DPP-4 inhibitor, pioglitazone or sulfonylurea
Confirm adherence to metformin, and explore eligibility for starting SGLT2i
What medications would you expect to see the previous patient discharged on?
A - DAPT for 12 months (followed by aspirin 75mg OD indefinitely), ACE inhibitor, beta-blocker, cholesterol-lowering therapy (statin).
B - DAPT for 12 months (followed by aspirin 75mg OD indefinitely), ACE inhibitor, beta-blocker, cholesterol-lowering therapy (statin), SGLT2-i
C - DAPT for 12 months (followed by aspirin 75 mg OD indefinitely), ACE inhibitor, GTN spray, cholesterol-lowering therapy (statin)
DAPT for 12 months (followed by aspirin 75mg OD indefinitely), ACE inhibitor, beta-blocker, cholesterol-lowering therapy (statin).
When should you consider prescribing a PPI to people on DAPT?
Should consider in people aged >65 years, people with history of GORD, ulcers or people prescribed other medications that can increase bleeding risk e.g. SSRIs
Should not be prescribed to everyone
