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511 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the CV system

A

-transportation
-blood is transport vehicle
-carries O2, nutrients, waste and hormones
-movement provided by pumping of heart

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2
Q

Pulmonary vs systemic circuit

A

Pulm: heart to lungs

Systemic: heart to rest of body

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3
Q

General details about blood (pH, temp, m vs f)

A

PH: 7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)
Temp: 38 degrees C
Male: 5-6L
Female: 4-5L

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4
Q

4 functions of blood

A

-transports O2, CO, nutrients, waste, hormones, enzymes
-regulates pH
-prevents body fluid loss through clotting mechanism
-protects against toxins and foreign microbes

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5
Q

What are the three layers/walls of the vessels?

A

Tunica adventitia - outermost
Tunica media - middle
Tunica intima - innermost

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6
Q

What fibers make up an artery? Function?

A

-smooth muscle fibers
-regulates flow and blood to different parts of the body

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7
Q

How are arterioles different from arteries? Major site for?

A

-arterioles are less elastic but have more smooth muscle
-BF resistance

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8
Q

What 3 things serve as pressure reduction valves in arterioles?

A

Narrow lumens, thick muscular walls, regulate the degree of pressure within the system

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9
Q

What is the purpose of capillaries?

A

Internal respiration (gas exchange)

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10
Q

What are characteristics of venules and veins? (Thickness, type of muscle)

A

-slightly thicker than capillaries
-smooth muscles for venoconstriction

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11
Q

What is the order of vessels

A

Artery -> arterioles -> capillary -> venule -> vein

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12
Q

Characteristics of blood in veins

A

-slow flow
-less smooth muscle tissue than arteries
-more collagen in walls than arteries

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13
Q

What is pericardium? What are the two layers?

A

-double walled sac around the heart
-parietal and visceral

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14
Q

Purposes of the pericardium

A

-protects and anchors the heart
-prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
-allows heart to work in relatively friction-free environment

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15
Q

What is epicardium? Characteristics (superficial layer, deep layer)

A

-Serous membrane on outer heart surface
-Superficial: mesothelium
-Deeper: large blood vessels, more fat

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16
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

17
Q

What is endocardium? Purpose?

A

CT, squamous cells, folds to form valves; lines cavities

18
Q

Chambers of the heart collects/pumps blood from pulmonary/systemic circuit

A

-R atrium collects blood from system circuit
-R ventricle pumps blood to pulmonary circuit
-L atrium collects blood from pulmonary circuit
-L ventricle pumps blood to systemic circuit

19
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve? Characteristics?

A

-R atrioventricular orifice
-anterior, septal and posterior cusps
-close during ventricular contraction

20
Q

Pulmonary valve location and characteristic

A

-R ventricle/pulmonary artery
-3 semilunar cusps

21
Q

Mitral valve location? Characteristics?

A

-L atrioventricular orifice
-anterior and posterior cusps
-closes during ventricular contraction

22
Q

Aortic valve location and characteristics

A

-L ventricle/aorta
-3 semilunar cusps
-R, L and posterior aortic sinuses

23
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

Occlusion of a major coronary artery = not enough O2 of an area of myocardium

24
Q

What are the 4 main components of the cardiac conduction system?

A

-SA node
-AV node
-atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)
-subendocardial plexus of conduction cells (Purkinje fibers)

25
Q

What is the autonomic division of PNS responsible for?

A

HR, force of each contraction, cardiac output

26
Q

Where is the superficial part of cardiac plexus

A

Inferior to the aortic arch and between it and pulmonary trunk

27
Q

Where is the deep part of the cardiac plexus

A

Between aortic arch and tracheal bifurcation

28
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do regarding the heart

A

Decrease HR, reduces force of contraction, constricts the coronary arteries

29
Q

What does the sympathetic system do regarding the heart

A

Increases HR and force of contraction

30
Q

Visceral afferents associated with vagal cardiac nerves and sympathetic system

A

-vagal: sense differences in BP and blood chemistry
-symp: pain sensation from heart

31
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Heart can’t keep up with workload, not enough O2

32
Q

Normal, borderline and reduced ejection fraction

A

Norm: 50-70%
Borderline: 41-49%
Reduced: less than or equal to 40%

33
Q

How is heart failure treated?

A

In the past physical activity was a contraindication and resting was a recommendation

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