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A-level pe > Cardiorespiratory System- miss rex > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory System- miss rex Flashcards

1
Q

Define Diastole

A

Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle.
The ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood.

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2
Q

Define Systole

A

Term used to describe the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle- the ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries.

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3
Q

Stroke volume (Sv)

A

The volume of blood that leaves the heart each contraction

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4
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity and injury.

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5
Q

Anticipatory rise

A

Slight increase in heart rate usually before activity starts due to the expectation of exercise.

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6
Q

Cardiac output.

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps out, measured in litres per minute.

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7
Q

What are the physical benefits of exercise?

A 
Reduced risk of cardiovascular disease
Reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.
Lower resting heart rate
Bigger cardiac output. 
Increased stroke volume.
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8
Q

Characteristics of a person who trains?

A

Cardiac hypertrophy- heart increases in size due to training
Bradycardia- resting hr below 60
Average stroke volume around 150ml
The chambers of the heart increase in size leads to bigger stroke volume.

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9
Q

what is venous return?

A

the return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava.

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10
Q

what are the 6 venous return mechanisms?

A 
1- The skeletal muscle pump
2- the respiratory pump
3- Pocket valves
4- Smooth muscle in the walls of veins.
5- Gravity
6- The suction pump action of the heart.
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11
Q

what is the respiratory pump?

A

when muscles contract and relax during breathing in and out, pressure changes occur in the thoracic (chest) and abdominal (stomach) cavities. these changes in pressure compress the nearby veins and assist blood return to the heart.

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12
Q

what do the pocket valves do?

A

It is important that blood in the veins only flows in one direction. The presence of valves ensures that this never happens. This is because once the blood has passed through the valves, they close to prevent the blood flowing back.

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13
Q

define blood pressure.

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall.

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14
Q

what is systolic pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting.

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15
Q

what is diastolic pressure?

A

the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing.

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16
Q

what does gravity do when it come to the venous return system?

A

gravity helps return the blood in the upper body back to the right side of the heart.

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17
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A

This is when you are exercising at a steady rate and your heart rate slowly climbs.

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18
Q

What happens during a prolonged steady state exercise. (After at least 10 mins in a warm environment).

A

Stroke volume and arterial pressure progressively decrease. 2. A progressive rise in heart rate.

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19
Q

What is a-vO2 difference?

A

Is the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood. It’s a good way to see how much O2 is delivered and used by muscle.

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20
Q

What is your a-vo2 like at rest?

A

Your a-vo2 difference is low as not much oxygen is required by the muscles.

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21
Q

What is your a-vo2 difference like during exercise?

A

It is high as lots more oxygen is needed from the blood for the muscles.

22
Q

What is venous return?

A

The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava.

23
Q

Under normal circumstances what does venous return equal?

A

Stroke volume ie what goes in comes out.

24
Q

True or false- when exercising your muscles are stretched.

A

True.

25
Q

What are the six venous return mechanisms?

A 
1- the skeletal muscle pump.
2- the respiratory pump.
3- pocket valves or valves.
4- smooth muscle in walls of veins.
5- gravity.
6- the suction pump action of the heart.
26
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump bring blood back to the heart?

A

When muscles contract and relax they change shape. When they change shape the muscles press on the nearby veins and cause a pumping effect and squeeze the blood towards the heart.

27
Q

How does the respiratory pump help return blood to the heart?

A

When muscles contact and relax when we breather in and out, pressure changes occur in the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities. These changes in pressure compress the nearby veins and assist blood return to the heart.

28
Q

How do pocket valves help blood return to the heart?

A

It is important that the blood in the veins only flows in one direction. The presence of valves ensures that this happens. Once the blood passes through the valves they close preventing a back flow of blood.

29
Q

How does the thin layer of muscle in the veins assist the blood return to the heart?

A

It helps squeeze the blood back towards the heart.

30
Q

How does gravity help blood return to the heart?

A

Gravity assists getting blood back to the heart from the upper body.

31
Q

What is blood pooling?

A

When blood is collected in the veins after exercise.

32
Q

What impact does blood pressure have on venous return?

A

Systolic pressure is the pressure in the blood vessels when the ventricles are contracting and diastolic the pressure in the blood when the ventricles are relaxing. When systolic blood pressure increase venous return also increase and when systolic blood pressure decrease venous return also decrease.

33
Q

What effect does increasing right atrial pressure have on venous return?

A

Venous return decrease.

34
Q

What effect does decreasing right atrial pressure have on venous return?

A

Venous return increases.

35
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries.

36
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow in the capillaries.

37
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

The Bohr effect is when the curve on a graph shifts to the right during exercise.

38
Q

What causes the Bohr effect (shift to right on graph). On how does the shift to the right help us?

A

1-There is an increase in CO2. 2- increase in body temperature. 3- increase in acidity or decrease in pH
It is important as during exercise we need more o2 to be delivered to the muscles to provide energy production and lactic acid oxidation.

39
Q

Who returns to their RHR quicker after exercise?

A

A trained person or athlete.

40
Q

What is a sympathetic system?

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate.

41
Q

What is a parasympathetic system?

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate.

42
Q

What is a medulla oblongata?

A

The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate.

43
Q

Why do you feel lazy/relaxed after a big meal?

A

You feel this way as the parasympathetic system has kicked in. This return the heart rate back to its normal level and the medulla oblongata releases acetylcholine which means less impulses will be released creating a sense of tiredness.

44
Q

What are the 3 types of receptors?

A

1- chemoreceptors
2- baroreceptors.
3- proprioceptors.

45
Q

What do the chemoreceptors do?

A

They detect an increase in CO2 and therefore increase your heart rate.

46
Q

What do the baroreceptors do?

A

They detect an increase in blood pressure and therefore decrease in your heart rate.

47
Q

Proprioceptors do what?

A

Detect an increase in muscle movement and therefore increase your heart rate.

48
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The mechanic event of one heart beat.

49
Q

Conduction of the heart in order:

A

Impulses start in the SINOATRIAL NODE (SA NODE).
Then the pulse travels down into the ATROVENTRICULAR NODE (AV NODE) and onto the BUNDLE OF HIS. These impulses stimulate the atria. From here the pulses travel down the left and right branches and down into the PUKINJE FIBRES.
HERE the ventricles are squeezed.

50
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise? (3)

A

1- increased heart rate due to rising adrenaline levels.
2- increase cardiac output.
3- increase in stroke volume due to stronger ventricular contractions.

51
Q

Long term effects of exercise.

A

1- decrease in HR
2- thicker left ventricle wall,
3- hypertrophy of the heart,
4- improvement in cardiac output during exercise.

A-level pe (14 decks)

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