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Examinations > Cardiopulmonary System > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary System Flashcards

1
Q

standard vital signs

A

hear rate
respiratory rate
blood pressure
temperature

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2
Q

normal range of heart rate

A

60-100 bpm

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3
Q

normal range of respiratory rate

A

12-20 breaths per min

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4
Q

normal blood pressure

A

systemic <120

diastolic <80

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5
Q

take observations of these before vital signs

A 
signs of distress
seated posture
overall nutritional status 
skin color
- cyanosis (blue)
- jaundice (yellow)
- bruising
- petechia (purple marks)
diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
peripheral observation of extremities
- edema 
- clubbing of digits
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6
Q

clinical indicators that warrant VS testing

A

dyspnea- difficulty breathing
fatigue
chest pain/discomfort
irregular heart beat- palpitations
cyanosis- blue fingertips or lips
intermittent claudication- leg pain with activity or rest
pedal edema- swelling of feet and lower legs

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7
Q

pulse

A

wave of blood in artery created by contraction of left ventricle during ventricular systole

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8
Q

three aspects of HR

A

rates, rhythm, quality

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9
Q

rate of HR

A

normal range= 60-100 bpm
bradycardia= < 60 bpm
tachycardia= >100 bpm

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10
Q

palpitation

A

sensation of one or more irregular heart beats- feels like heart skips a beat or flutters

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11
Q

rhythm of HR

A

arrhythmia or dysrhythmia= irregular rhythm

  • premature or mission beats
  • typically caused by conduction abnormalities
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12
Q

HR quality

A

related to blood volume
- larger volume= stronger pulse
- smaller volume= weaker pulse
weak or “thready”= difficult to detect and easy to eliminate
strong or “bounding”= difficult to eliminate

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13
Q

factors affecting HR

A 
age/gender
fitness level
emotional status
exercise
medications
temperature (external and internal)
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14
Q

methods of assessing HR

A

arterial palpation
auscultation of heart apex
electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
electronic devices

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15
Q

palpation points

A 
temporal
external carotid 
brachial
radial
femoral
popliteal (behind knee) 
dorsal peds
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16
Q

diaphragm innervation

A

C3,4,5

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17
Q

supper respiratory tract

A

noce, mouth, pharynx, larynx

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18
Q

conducting zone

A

trachea, primary bronchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac

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20
Q

ventilation

A

mechanical process of breathing

can have voluntary control but usually involuntary

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21
Q

respiration

A

gas exchange in alveolar sacs to bloodstream

involuntary

22
Q

inspiration/inhalation

A

diaphragm, intercostal muscles, accessory muscles (scalenes, SCM)

23
Q

expiration/exhalation

A

passive elastic recoil of diaphragm and lung parenchyma abdominals

24
Q

regulatory mechanisms

A 
respiratory center (pon, medulla) control rate and depth of breath
central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor PaCO2/pH, PaO2
25
Q

factors affecting RR

A 
metabolic rate/demand
age (higher in kids)
body size
body position (lower laying)
environment
emotion/stres
medications
disease
26
Q

RR parameters

A 
12-20 br/min ("eupnea")
tachypnea (>24 br/min)
bradypnea (<10 br/min)
apnea= absence of breathing 
normal tidal volume= 0.5L/br
27
Q

sounds of RR

A 
normally smooth and soft 
usually requires stethoscope
wheezing= narrow airway
stridor= upper airway obstruction
crackles= secretions in air passages
28
Q

ventilation is controlled voluntarily by

A

cortex

29
Q

ventilation is controlled involuntarily by

A

pons and medulla

30
Q

blood pressure definition

A

force exerted agains arterial walls, measure in mmHG (millimeters of mercury)

BP= cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

31
Q

systolic BP

A

highest pressure exerted on arteries during cardiac systole

32
Q

diastolic BP

A

lowest pressure recorded within arteries during cardiac diastole

33
Q

modifiable risk factors or hypertension

A 
current cigarette smoking
diabetes mellitus
dyslipidemia/hypercholesterolemia
overweight/obesity
physical inactivity/low fitness
unhealthy diet
34
Q

factors that affect BP

A 
blood volume
elasticity of arteries
exercise
valsalva maneuver
body position
arm position
35
Q

arm position affect

A

1-2 mm Hg for every 2.5 cm above or below level of the heart
above- BP reading is too low
below- BP reading too high

36
Q

orthostatis hypotension

A

precipitous drop in BP of more tan 20 mmHg (systolic) when moving from supine/seated to standing
can lead to loss of consciousness
gradual acclimatization can restore baroreceptor reflex function
- compression stockings, tolt tables, repetition

37
Q

elevated BP

A

120-129/ <80

38
Q

stage 1 hypertension

A

130-139/ 80-89

39
Q

stage 2 hypertension

A

> 140/>90

40
Q

temperature regulation center

A

hypothalamus

41
Q

fever vs. hyperthermia

A

fever

  • never exceed 104*F
  • associated with change to hypothalamic set point
  • respond to medication
  • some diurnal variation

hyperthermia

  • exceeds 104*F
  • does not respond to medication, needs whole body cooling
  • no diurnal variation
  • extremely dangerous an requires intensive care
42
Q

signs and symptoms of hyperthermia

A 
mental statu change
strong rapid pulse
lack of sweating
dry flushed skin
faintness
staggering 
coma
43
Q

health related factors of hyperthermia

A 
dehydration
impaired blood circulation
inefficient sweat glands
hear, lung, kidney diseases
high BP
reduced sweating from diuretic medication, sedatives, tranquilizers, heart or BP medication 
being substantially over or underweight 
drinking alcohol
44
Q

hypothermia

A

drop in core body temperature below 95F (35C)

45
Q

stages of hypothermia

A
  1. shivering
  2. slow, weak pulse, slow breathing, lack of coordination, irritability, confusion, sleepiness
  3. slow, weak, or absent respiration and pulse, loss of consciousness
46
Q

factors raising core body temperature

A 
later in the day (4-8pm_
children
exercise
menstrual cycle
pregnancy
environment 
ingestion of hot things
47
Q

factors lowering core body temperature

A

mornings (4-6am)
elderly people
environment
ingestion of cold things

48
Q

signs nd symptoms of infectious disease

A 
chills
vomiting
sweating
fatigue
nausea
change in blood composition
enlarged lymph nodes
inc. HR
inc. RR
loss of appetite
dec. urine output
49
Q

common causes of fever

A 
blood infection 
UTI
lung infection
gastrointestinal infection
skin infection
50
Q

cause of LE edema

A

excessive buildup of fluid in tissues

  • prolonged standing/sitting
  • pregnancy
  • injury/trauma/infection/surgery in LE
  • venous insufficiency
  • heart, kidney, liver failure
51
Q

edema grade

A
  1. mild, moderate, sever
  2. pitting edema scale
    - 0+ no pitting edema
    - 1+ mild pitting, barely perceptible depression
    - 2+ moderate pitting, easily identifies depression (skin rebound within 15 seconds)
    - 3+ moderately severe pitting edema, easily identifies depression (skin rebound in 15-30 seconds)
    - 4+ severe pitting edema, easily identifies depression (skin rebounds >30 seconds)

Examinations (9 decks)

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