Cardiopulm

Question 1

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 1

Volume of air that is inspired or expired in a single breath during regular breathing; approx 10% of total lung vol

“Normal waves crashing; in and out”

Question 2

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Answer 2

The maximal volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration; approx 50% of total lung vol

Question 3

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Answer 3

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration

Question 4

Heart Sounds: S1, S2, S3, S4

Answer 4

S1: (Lub)
- Closure of the mitral valve and tricuspid (AV) valves at the onset of ventricular systole

S2: (Dub)
- Closure of the aortic and pulmonic (semilunar) valves at the onset of ventricular diastole

S3:
- Vibrations of the distended ventricle walls due to passive flow of blood from the atria during the rapid filling phase of diastole
(Normal in children; abnormal in adults - associated with heart failure and called “ventricular gallop”)

S4:
- pathological sound of vibration of the ventricular wall with ventricular filling and atrial contraction; called “atrial gallop”

Question 5

Define these breath sounds: Pg. 231
Crackle
Pleural Friction Rub
Rhonchi
Stridor
Wheeze

Answer 5

Crackle:
- abnormal, discontinuous, high-pitched popping sound heard more often during inspiration. May be associated with restrictive or obstructive respiratory disease

Pleural Friction Rub:
- Dry, crackling sound heard during both inspiration and expiration

Rhonchi:
- Continuous low-pitched sounds described as having a “ snoring” or “gurgling” quality that may be heard during both inspiration and expiration

Stridor:
- Continuous high-pitched wheeze heard with inspiration or expiration

Wheeze:
- Continuous “musical” or whistling sound composed of a variety of pitches. Heard during both inspiration and expiration and/or expiration, but variable from minute to minute and area to area

Question 6

Anatomic dead space volume (VD)

Answer 6

Volume of air that occupies the non-respiratory conducting airways

Question 7

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

Answer 7

Maximal volume of air exhaled in a specific period of time: usually the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd second of a forced vital capacity maneuver

Question 8

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Answer 8

Volume of air expired during a forced maximal expiration after a forced maximal inspiration

Question 9

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Answer 9

Volume of air in the lungs after normal exhalation; approx 40% of total lung vol

FRC = ERV + RV

Question 10

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Answer 10

Maximal volume of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal exhalation; approx 60% of total lung vol.

IC = TV + IRV

Question 11

Minute Volume Ventilation (VE)

Answer 11

Volume of air expired in one minute

VE = TV x RR

Question 12

Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)

Answer 12

Maximum flow of air during the beginning of a forced expiratory maneuver

Question 13

Residual Volume (RV)

Answer 13

Volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration; approx 25% of total lung vol.

Question 14

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Answer 14

Volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration; the sum of all lung volumes

TLC = RV + VC ~ OR ~ TLC = FRC + IC

Question 15

Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer 15

Volume change that occurs between maximal inspiration and maximal expiration; approx 75% of total lung vol.

VC = TV + IRV + ERV