Cardiology/Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities?

A
  • Aterosclerosis of the Femoral Artery

Clincal: Shiny, prolonged fill time, hair loss, nail changes

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2
Q

What is the best treatment for PAD of lower extremities?

A

EXERCISE

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3
Q

What is the fastest and slowest conduction speed in the heart?

A

Slowest – AV Node (Septum near node)

    • Ventricle Muscles are pretty slow (2nd slowest)
    • Atrial Myocardium – pretty fast after coming from SA Fastest – Purkinje Fibers (Left Ventricle)
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4
Q

What causes a large pulse pressure difference, head bobbing, and bounding “war hammer” pulses in the extremities?

A

Aortic Regurgitation

    • Increased LV stroke volume to compensate
    • Increased End-Diastolic Volume
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5
Q

What is the pathogenesis of inherited pulmonary hypertension?

A

30-45 Females

    • Increased Smooth Muscle Thickness
    • Intimal fibrosis
    • Decreased Lumen Size – Plexiform Lesions
  • *Due to Inactivation of BMPR2, which generally is a proapoptosis gene.
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6
Q

How do you manage Inherited Pulmonary HTN while they wait for a transplant?

A

Bosentan

– endothelin receptor antagonist

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7
Q

Which direction does the trachea deviate due to plueral effusion?

A

Effusion – PUSHES it AWAY

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8
Q

What direction does trachea deviate if there is atelectiasis?

A

TOWARDS Atelectasis – since empty space PULLS it towards that side.

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9
Q

What is the most common type of cancer due to Asbestosis?

A

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

– Malignant Mesothelioma is 2nd most common

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10
Q

If a patient has an MI at the age of 30 and is found to have significantly elevated Cholesterol (LDL, low HDL) and TG, if genetic cause, what?

A

Defective ApoE2/ApoE4 – found on chylomicrons/vLDL and unable to bind to hepatocytes to take in the extra dietary fats and it accumulates in vessels causing premature atherosclerosis.

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of too many chlyomicrons in the plasma?

A

ApoC-II Deficiency – activates lipoprotein lipase to break down the lipids to transport them into cells
– Hyperlipoproteinemia –

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12
Q

What is the function of ApoB-48 in lipid degradation?

A

ApoB-48 is used to chylomicron assembly inside the intestinal cells, if defective unable to form chylomicrons

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13
Q

Where is ApoB-100 located and what occurs if it is deficient?

A

ApoB-100 binds to LDL Receptors on Hepatocytes and is located on chylomicrons and LDL

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14
Q

What might be a metabolic cause of low HDL and elevated cholesterol in the serum?

A

Loss of ApoA-1 or LCAT
– ApoA-1 – activate LCAT, which esterifies free cholesterol to HDL to remove it from the serum and transfer it back to liver.

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of developing pericarditis several weeks after being treated for an MI?

A

Dressler’s Syndrome
– Autoimmune destruction tissue destruction and causing polyserositis

if pericarditis was only 2-4 days, then just localized inflammatory reaction

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