Cardiology/Pulmonary Flashcards
What is the most common cause of peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities?
- Aterosclerosis of the Femoral Artery
Clincal: Shiny, prolonged fill time, hair loss, nail changes
What is the best treatment for PAD of lower extremities?
EXERCISE
What is the fastest and slowest conduction speed in the heart?
Slowest – AV Node (Septum near node)
- Ventricle Muscles are pretty slow (2nd slowest)
- Atrial Myocardium – pretty fast after coming from SA Fastest – Purkinje Fibers (Left Ventricle)
What causes a large pulse pressure difference, head bobbing, and bounding “war hammer” pulses in the extremities?
Aortic Regurgitation
- Increased LV stroke volume to compensate
- Increased End-Diastolic Volume
What is the pathogenesis of inherited pulmonary hypertension?
30-45 Females
- Increased Smooth Muscle Thickness
- Intimal fibrosis
- Decreased Lumen Size – Plexiform Lesions
- *Due to Inactivation of BMPR2, which generally is a proapoptosis gene.
How do you manage Inherited Pulmonary HTN while they wait for a transplant?
Bosentan
– endothelin receptor antagonist
Which direction does the trachea deviate due to plueral effusion?
Effusion – PUSHES it AWAY
What direction does trachea deviate if there is atelectiasis?
TOWARDS Atelectasis – since empty space PULLS it towards that side.
What is the most common type of cancer due to Asbestosis?
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
– Malignant Mesothelioma is 2nd most common
If a patient has an MI at the age of 30 and is found to have significantly elevated Cholesterol (LDL, low HDL) and TG, if genetic cause, what?
Defective ApoE2/ApoE4 – found on chylomicrons/vLDL and unable to bind to hepatocytes to take in the extra dietary fats and it accumulates in vessels causing premature atherosclerosis.
What is the most common cause of too many chlyomicrons in the plasma?
ApoC-II Deficiency – activates lipoprotein lipase to break down the lipids to transport them into cells
– Hyperlipoproteinemia –
What is the function of ApoB-48 in lipid degradation?
ApoB-48 is used to chylomicron assembly inside the intestinal cells, if defective unable to form chylomicrons
Where is ApoB-100 located and what occurs if it is deficient?
ApoB-100 binds to LDL Receptors on Hepatocytes and is located on chylomicrons and LDL
What might be a metabolic cause of low HDL and elevated cholesterol in the serum?
Loss of ApoA-1 or LCAT
– ApoA-1 – activate LCAT, which esterifies free cholesterol to HDL to remove it from the serum and transfer it back to liver.
What is the mechanism of developing pericarditis several weeks after being treated for an MI?
Dressler’s Syndrome
– Autoimmune destruction tissue destruction and causing polyserositis
if pericarditis was only 2-4 days, then just localized inflammatory reaction
