Cardiology

Question 1

Normal ECG axis

Answer 1

Lead I and II positive

-30 to +90

Question 2

Left axis deviation

Answer 2

Lead I positive and lead II negative (leaving)

-30 to -90

Question 3

Right axis deviation

Answer 3

Lead I negative and lead II positive (reaching)

+90 to +180

Question 4

Which view and vessel are mapped by leads II, III and aVF?

Answer 4

Inferior view - RCA

Question 5

Which view and vessel are mapped by leads I, aVL, V5 and V6?

Answer 5

Anterolateral - Left circumflex

Question 6

Which view and vessel are mapped by leads V2-V4?

Answer 6

Anteroseptal - LAD

Question 7

Which view and vessel are mapped by leads V2-V6?

Answer 7

Left main stem

Question 8

Which view and vessel are mapped by leads V1-3 (reciprocal)?

Answer 8

Posterior - RCA

Question 9

Causes of right axis deviation (>+90)?

Answer 9

Anterolateral MI 
RVH 
PE 
L post. hemiblock WPW 
ASD secundum

Question 10

Causes of left axis deviation (

Answer 10

Inferior MI
LVH
L ant. hemiblock WPW
ASD primum

Question 11

Causes of RBBB?

Answer 11

Inferior MI
Normal variant
Congenital - AD, VSD, Fallot
Hypertrophy - RVH (PE, Cor Pulmonale)

Question 12

Causes of LBBB?

Answer 12

Fibrosis
LVH - AS, HTN
Inferior MI
Coronary HD

Question 13

How to differentiate between AVRT and AVNRT?

Answer 13

A. Amiodarone - stops AVN conduction and therefore will return AVRT to normal conduction

Question 14

What is P pulmonale?

Answer 14

A. Peaked P wave, sign of right atrial hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary HTN or tricuspid stenosis

Question 15

What is P mitrale?

Answer 15

A. Broad, bifid P wave.

Secondary to left atrial hypertrophy e.g. mitral stenosis

Question 16

How does RVH appear on ECG?

Answer 16

A. Tall R wave in V1, deep S wave in V6
(RVH = R in V1)

Right axis deviation

Normal QRS

(Causes: Cor pulmonale)

Question 17

How does LVH appear on ECG?

Answer 17

A. Deep S in V1, tall R in V6

May be left axis deviation

Causes: HTN, AS, COA, HOCM

Question 18

How does WPW appear on ECG?

Answer 18

Caused by an accessory conducting bundle

Short PR interval

Slurred upstroke of QRS called a delta wave (V3/4)

Can establish AVRT

Question 19

Causes of bradycardia?

Answer 19

DIVISIONS

Drugs 
Ischaemia 
Vagal hypertonia 
Infection 
Sick sinus 
Infiltration 
O
Neuro
Septal defect 
Surgery or catheterisation

Question 20

Stages of shock

Answer 20

1 (0-15%) - normal obs

2 (15-30%) - tachycardia, tachypnoea, <30 UO

3 (30-40%) - RR>30, HR>120, low BP, UO<20, confused

4 (>40%) - RR>35, HR>140, BP very low, UO<5, LOC