Cardiology Flashcards
What is the most common type of diastolic murmur?
aortic regurgitation
What may be a cause of a diastolic murmur in an older horse?
valvular degeneration (often musical, accompanies subcutaneous edema)
What are differential diagnosis for different species/age if the animal has a systolic murmur on the left apex?
older = small: MVD, large: DCM young = MV dysplasia (cats and labs) cats = HOCM and resultant SAM
What is a systolic murmur that is heard best on the right?
tricuspid regurgitation
What causes tricuspid regurgitation?/
endocardiosis
young: VSD, TV dysplasia
What is the cause of differential cyanosis (cyanosis in caudal body)?
reversed PDA
What is the term for a left to right shunt that leads to reactive pulmonary arterial hypertension leading to high right sided pressures causing a shunt to reverse? What are two examples?
Eisenmenger physiology
- reversed PDA
- VSD with high right sided pressure
What will be seen on a radiograph with LV enlargement?
tall heart, elevated trachea, almost touching left chest wall on VD
What will be seen on a radiography with LA enlargement?
bulge in caudal cardiac waste on lateral
in between mainstem bronchi on DV
cat with cardiomyopathy has valentine heart
Where will left auricular enlargement be seen on a VD radiograph?
2-3 o clock
What will be seen on a radiograph with RV enlargement?
increase sternal contact on lateral, apex shift to right on VD
Where will right atrial enlargement be seen on a radiography?
10 -11 on VD
Where is the main pulmonary artery located on a chest radiograph?
1 o clock on VD
Where is the ascending aorta and descending aorta seen on a radiograph?
ascending: 11:30 - 12 o clock
descending: 1 - 2 o clock
What is the ddx if ascending aorta is dilated on radiograph?
AS in dog or normal in old cat
What is ddx if descending aorta is dilated on radiograph?
PDA
What will be seen on a chest radiograph of a dog with heartworm dz?
large RA, RV, cadual vena cava, arteries dilated and tortuous
What will be seen on radiographs of congestive heart failure?
edema in perihilar region, LA enlargement, pulmonary venous congestion
cats - edema anywhere
What breed of dogs get PRAA?
german shepherds
What two breeds get sick sinus syndrome?
mini schanuzers and west highland terriers
What heart rhythm is periods of tachycardia and bradycardia and has periods of sinus arrest?
sick sinus syndrome
What can hyperkalemia cause in the heart? What two diseases can cause hyperkalemia?
arial standstill - tentedT waves, absent P waves
- blocked cats or addisonian dogs
What degree of AV block is normal in the horse?
2nd degree (some P waves without QRS) even after given xylazine
What are VPCs caused by?
secondary to heart dz, endocrine dz, drugs, splenic dz, pancreatisis, GDV
What causes atrial premature complexes?
underlying heart dz causing atrial stretch
What does atrial fibrillation look like on EKG?
irregularitiy with absent P waves
What can cause eletrical alternans and what does it look like on ECG?
pericardial effusion - varying height of every other R wave
What is the treatment of choice for CHF?
furosemide
What is the MOA of furosemide?
blocks Na/K/2Cl in loop of henle –> preload reduction
What is the MOA of enalapril?
ACE inhibitor
What is the first line drug for canine hypertension?
enalapril
What is the MOA of digoxin?
blocks Na/L ATPase –> positive inotrope
What are the contraindications of using digoxin?
renal dz, ventricular arrythmias
What diseases are beta blockers used for?
thick ventricles - aortic stenosis, HCM, etc
What is the MOA of beta blockers?
negative inotrope
What can diltiazem treat in cardiology?
slow AV nodal conduction for dogs in afib, cats for HCM
What are SE of using lidocaine to treat ventricular arrhythmias?
vomiting and seizures
