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NAVLE > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of diastolic murmur?

A

aortic regurgitation

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2
Q

What may be a cause of a diastolic murmur in an older horse?

A

valvular degeneration (often musical, accompanies subcutaneous edema)

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3
Q

What are differential diagnosis for different species/age if the animal has a systolic murmur on the left apex?

A 
older = small: MVD, large: DCM
young = MV dysplasia (cats and labs)
cats = HOCM and resultant SAM
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4
Q

What is a systolic murmur that is heard best on the right?

A

tricuspid regurgitation

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5
Q

What causes tricuspid regurgitation?/

A

endocardiosis

young: VSD, TV dysplasia

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6
Q

What is the cause of differential cyanosis (cyanosis in caudal body)?

A

reversed PDA

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7
Q

What is the term for a left to right shunt that leads to reactive pulmonary arterial hypertension leading to high right sided pressures causing a shunt to reverse? What are two examples?

A

Eisenmenger physiology

  • reversed PDA
  • VSD with high right sided pressure
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8
Q

What will be seen on a radiograph with LV enlargement?

A

tall heart, elevated trachea, almost touching left chest wall on VD

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9
Q

What will be seen on a radiography with LA enlargement?

A

bulge in caudal cardiac waste on lateral
in between mainstem bronchi on DV
cat with cardiomyopathy has valentine heart

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10
Q

Where will left auricular enlargement be seen on a VD radiograph?

A

2-3 o clock

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11
Q

What will be seen on a radiograph with RV enlargement?

A

increase sternal contact on lateral, apex shift to right on VD

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12
Q

Where will right atrial enlargement be seen on a radiography?

A

10 -11 on VD

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13
Q

Where is the main pulmonary artery located on a chest radiograph?

A

1 o clock on VD

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14
Q

Where is the ascending aorta and descending aorta seen on a radiograph?

A

ascending: 11:30 - 12 o clock
descending: 1 - 2 o clock

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15
Q

What is the ddx if ascending aorta is dilated on radiograph?

A

AS in dog or normal in old cat

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16
Q

What is ddx if descending aorta is dilated on radiograph?

A

PDA

17
Q

What will be seen on a chest radiograph of a dog with heartworm dz?

A

large RA, RV, cadual vena cava, arteries dilated and tortuous

18
Q

What will be seen on radiographs of congestive heart failure?

A

edema in perihilar region, LA enlargement, pulmonary venous congestion
cats - edema anywhere

19
Q

What breed of dogs get PRAA?

A

german shepherds

20
Q

What two breeds get sick sinus syndrome?

A

mini schanuzers and west highland terriers

21
Q

What heart rhythm is periods of tachycardia and bradycardia and has periods of sinus arrest?

A

sick sinus syndrome

22
Q

What can hyperkalemia cause in the heart? What two diseases can cause hyperkalemia?

A

arial standstill - tentedT waves, absent P waves

- blocked cats or addisonian dogs

23
Q

What degree of AV block is normal in the horse?

A

2nd degree (some P waves without QRS) even after given xylazine

24
Q

What are VPCs caused by?

A

secondary to heart dz, endocrine dz, drugs, splenic dz, pancreatisis, GDV

25
Q

What causes atrial premature complexes?

A

underlying heart dz causing atrial stretch

26
Q

What does atrial fibrillation look like on EKG?

A

irregularitiy with absent P waves

27
Q

What can cause eletrical alternans and what does it look like on ECG?

A

pericardial effusion - varying height of every other R wave

28
Q

What is the treatment of choice for CHF?

A

furosemide

29
Q

What is the MOA of furosemide?

A

blocks Na/K/2Cl in loop of henle –> preload reduction

30
Q

What is the MOA of enalapril?

A

ACE inhibitor

31
Q

What is the first line drug for canine hypertension?

A

enalapril

32
Q

What is the MOA of digoxin?

A

blocks Na/L ATPase –> positive inotrope

33
Q

What are the contraindications of using digoxin?

A

renal dz, ventricular arrythmias

34
Q

What diseases are beta blockers used for?

A

thick ventricles - aortic stenosis, HCM, etc

35
Q

What is the MOA of beta blockers?

A

negative inotrope

36
Q

What can diltiazem treat in cardiology?

A

slow AV nodal conduction for dogs in afib, cats for HCM

37
Q

What are SE of using lidocaine to treat ventricular arrhythmias?

A

vomiting and seizures

NAVLE (11 decks)

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