Cardiology

Question 1

Posterior infarc

Answer 1

posterior view requires placement of leads along a horizontal plane for V7, V8, and V9.

Question 2

Lateral infarc

Answer 2

Infarction in the lateral area of the heart affects ECG leads in the lateral region, including leads I, aVL, V5, and V6

Question 3

Inferior MI can result to?

Answer 3

Inferior MI can result to:

1st, 2nd, 3rd, degree AV block

Question 4

Anterior/septal infarct can result to?

Answer 4

Anterior/septal infarct can result to:

Sinus tachy and Afib

Question 5

Extensive anterior infarct can result to?

Answer 5

Extensive anterior infarct can result to: Sudden cardiac death

Question 6

Explain the pathophysiology of metabolic acidosis as a result of cardiogenic shock

Answer 6

Cardiogenic shock - hypoperfusion - decrease o2 delivery to tissues - anerobic metabolism takes over due to O2 deficit - a byproduct of AM is lactic acid - as lactic acid accumulates buffer system becomes exausted - metalbolic acidosis occurs.

Question 7

Cardiogenic shock
Cardiac output?
Cardiac index?

Answer 7

Cardiogenic shock

Cardiac output

Question 8

Anterior infarc

Answer 8

V3, V4, and aVF

Question 9

Normal value of ankle-brachial index (ABI)

Answer 9

Normal value is 0.9 to 1.3

Question 10

What is Ankle- brachial index (ABI)?

Answer 10

Ankle- brachial index (ABI)— the ratio of the systolic blood pressure of the ankle to the systolic blood pressure of the arm • Normal value is 0.9 to 1.3.
Less than 0.9 is indication of peripheral arterial disease.

Question 11

EKG changes in SVT?

Answer 11

Ventricular rate 150 to 300 beats per minute • QRS complex narrow (less than 0.12 seconds) unless there is aberrant ventricular conduction • P waves often difficult to discern, as they may be buried in the preceding QRS complex.

Question 12

Formula for manually calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Answer 12

Formula for manually calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP): (Systolic pressure + 2[diastolic pressure])/by 3

Question 13

What level of venous saturation SvO2 indicated hypoperfusion?

Answer 13

SvO 2 of less than 60% indicates hypoperfusion.

Question 14

Normal blood lactate concentration?

Answer 14

The normal blood lactate concentration in unstressed patients is 0.5-1 mmol/L. Patients with critical illness can be considered to have normal lactate concentrations of less than 2 mmol/L.

Question 15

Lactate level indicares widespread hypoperfusion?

Answer 15

A base deficit greater than −4mEq/L or a serum lactate level greater than 4.0mmol/L indicates widespread tissue hypoperfusion.

Question 16

Desired urine output on recovering patient from shock?

Answer 16

Urine output of 0.5mL/kg per hour or 30 to 60mL per hour

Question 17

Whatbis normal CVP?

Answer 17

8 to 12 mm Hg

Question 18

Normal PR interval?

Answer 18

0.12 - 0.20 sec

Question 19

Normal QRS duration?

Answer 19

0.06 - 0.10 sec

Question 20

Normal QT interval?

Answer 20

(QTc ≤ 0.40 sec

Question 21

AR of Lithium on patients with CV dse?

Answer 21

Dysrhythmias

Question 22

AR of Doxorubicin on patients with CV dse?

Answer 22

Cardiomyopathy

Question 23

AR of Phenothiazines on patients with CV dse?

Answer 23

Hypotension

Question 24

What does chronotropic cardac medications do? Example of drug?

Answer 24

Increases pulse rate. Eg: atropine

Question 25

What does inotropic medication do? Drug example?

Answer 25

Increases cardiac contractility. Eg: dobutamine

Question 26

What does dromotrope medications do? Drug example?

Answer 26

Increases cardiac conductivity. Eg of dromotrope is phenytoin.

Question 27

Heart sound is also known as the atrial gallop and could sound like "Ten-nes-see." It is a low pitched sound which coincides with late diastolic filling of the ventricle due to atrial contraction.

Answer 27

Heart sound 4

Question 28

Heart sound is also known as the ventricular gallop and could sound like "Ken-tuc-ky." Heart sound 1 is the loudest at the apex, and heart sound 2 is the loudest at the base.

Answer 28

Heart sound 3

Question 29

In order to appropriately treat the pregnant woman with cardiopulmonary arrest, it is important to search for and treat any contributing factors. The mnemonic BEAU-CHOPS is used to highlight common contributing factors. The mnemonic is as follows?

Answer 29

``` Bleeding Embolism Anesthetic complications Uterine atony Cardiac disease Hypertension Others (consider H's and T's) Placental abruption or previa, and Sepsis. ```

Question 30

What is Virchow's triad?

Answer 30

Rudolph Virchow described the three most common risk factors which predispose one for thrombosis. These include venous stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulable states.

Question 31

What elevated Potassium do to QRS?

Answer 31

Widen

Question 32

What elevated Potassium do to PR interval?

Answer 32

Lengthen

Question 33

What elevated Potassium do to T waves?

Answer 33

Tall peaked T waves

Question 34

What elevated Potassium do to P waves?

Answer 34

P waves can disappear.

Question 35

EKG changes in pt with addisson's?

Answer 35

Prolonged QT intervals, QRS complexes, or PR intervals.

Question 36

II, III, aVF ST elevation indicates?

Answer 36

Right ventricular infarction

Question 37

Define parhologic Q wave?

Answer 37

A pathologic Q wave, if present on rhythm slip or ekg, is a negative deflection following the P wave that is deeper than 1/3 the QRS height or longer than 0.04 seconds.

Question 38

Antidysrhytmic medication recommended to wide complex tachycardia? Dose?

Answer 38

Amiodarone 150 mg IV bolus over 10 mins followed by continious infusion.

Question 39

Most occuring cardiac dysrhythimia among pediatric patient?

Answer 39

SVT

Question 40

IV treatment for Non-STEMI

Answer 40

Epitifibatide (Integrilin)

Question 41

Gial for fibrinolytic therapy in pt with acute MI?

Answer 41

Restore coronary blow flow. Dissolve clots.

Question 42

Door to balloon time for PTCI?

Answer 42

90 mins, plus or minus 30 mins

Question 43

QT prolongation and characteristic J (Osborne) waves suggest what?

Answer 43

Hypothermia

Question 44

Electrical current delivered to the ventricle during ventricular repolarization is called?

Answer 44

R on T phenomenon

Question 45

Criteria best describes which infant size defib should be used?

Answer 45

Wt between 2 to 5 kg.