Cardiology Flashcards
What organs have resistance in parallel?
All the rest
What organs have resistance in series?
Liver, kidney
What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference at rest?
Heart
What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference after exercise?
Muscle
What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference after meal?
Gut
What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference during a test?
Brain
What organ has the lowest A-VO2 difference?
Kidney
Where does type A thoracic aortic dissection occur?
Ascending aorta
Occurs in necrosis and syphilis
Where does Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur?
Descending aorta
Occurs in trauma, atherosclerosis
What layers does a true aortic aneurysm occur?
Intima, media and adventitia
What layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm occur?
Intima and media
What is pulse pressure?
Systolic-diastolic pressure
What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?
Aorta
What vessels have the most smooth muscle?
Arterioles
What vessels have the largest cross-sectional area?
Capillaries
What vessel has the highest compliance?
Aorta
What vessels have the highest capacitance?
Veins and venules
What is your max heart rate?
220
What is stable angina?
Pain with exertion (atherosclerosis)
What is unstable angina?
Pain at rest
What is prinzmetal’s angina?
Intermittent pain
Coronary artery spasm
What is amyloidosis?
Stain congo red, echo apple-green birefringence
What is hemochromatosis?
Fe (iron) deposit in organs
What is cardiac tamponade?
Pressure equializes in all 4 chambers, quiet precordium, no pulse or BP, kussmaul’s sign, pulsus paradoxus
What is transudate?
Too much water:
Heart failure
Renal failure
Not enough protein:
Cirrhosis (can’t make protein)
Nephrotic syndrome (pee protein out)
What is exudate?
Too much protein: Purulent (bacteria) Hemorrhagic (trauma, cancer, PE) Fibrinous (collagen vascular disease, uremia, TB) Granulomatous (non-bacterial)
What is systole?
(Contraction of ventricular cardiac muscle tissue)
Squish heart, low blood flow to coronary arteries, more extraction of oxygen
What is diastole?
(Heart relaxation after contraction)
Fill heart, high blood flow to coronary arteries
What are the only arteries w/ deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary arteries and umbilical arteries
What murmur has a waterhammer pulse?
Aortic regurgitation
What murmur has pulsus tardus?
Aortic stenosis
What cardiomyopathy has pulsus alternans?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What disease has pulsus bigeminus?
Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
What murmur has an irregularly irregular pulse?
Atrial fibrillation
What murmur has regularly irregular pulse?
Premature ventricular contraction
What sound radiates to the neck?
Aortic stenosis
What sound radiates to the axilla?
Mitral regurgitation
What sound radiates to the back?
Pulmonary stenosis
What disease has a boot-shaped x-ray?
Right ventricle hypertrophy
What disease has a banana-shaped x-ray?
Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
What disease has an egg-shaped x-ray?
Transposition of great arteries
What disease has a snowman-shaped x-ray?
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
What disease has a “3” shaped x-ray?
Coarctation of aorta
What is osler-weber-rendu?
Atreovenus malformation
(Lungs, gut, CNS)
Telangiectasias risk
What is von hippel-lindau?
Atreovenous malformation
(Head, retina)
Renal cell cancer risk
When do valves make noise?
When valves close
What valves make noise during systole?
Mitral and tricuspid
What murmurs occur during systole?
Holosystolic, ejection murmur or click
What are the holosystolic (pansystolic) murmurs?
Tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation or ventricular septal defect
What are the systolic ejection murmurs?
Aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What valves make noise during diastole?
Aortic and pulmonic
What are the diastolic murmurs?
Blowing and rumbling
What are the diastolic blowing murmurs?
Aortic regurgitation or pulmonary regurgitation
What are the diastolic rumbling murmurs?
Tricuspid stenosis or mitral stenosis
What are the continuous murmurs?
Patent ductus arteriosus or atreovenous malformation
What has a friction rub while breathing?
Pleuritis
What has a friction rub when holding breath?
Pericarditis
What does a mid-systolic click tell you?
Mitral valve prolapse
What does an ejection click tell you?
A/P stenosis
What does an opening snap tell you?
M/T stenosis
What does S2 splitting tell you?
Normal on inspiration (b/c pulmonic valve closes later)
What does wide S2 splitting tell you?
High oxygen, high RV volume or delayed pulmonic valve opening
What does fixed wide S2 splitting tell you?
Atrial septal defect
What does paradoxical S2 splitting tell you?
Aortic stenosis or left bundle branch block
What is cor pulmonale?
Pulmonary hypertension (cause right ventricular failure)
What is eisenmenger’s?
Pulmonary hypertension (reverse L-R to R-L shunt)
What is transposition of the great arteries?
Aorticopulmonary septum did not spiral
What is tetralogy of fallot?
Overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy (boot-shaped heart), VSD (L to R shunt)
What is total anomalous pulmonary venous return?
All pulmonary veins to RA, snowman x-ray
What is truncus arteriosus?
Congenital heart disease present at birth
Fails to divide into pulmonary trunk and aorta
Spiral membrane not develop
What is ebstein’s anomaly?
Tricuspid prolapse, mom’s lithium increases risk
What can Lithium do to mom?
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
What is cinchonism?
Overdose of quinine (used to treat malaria)
Hearing loss, tinnitus, thrombocytopenia, flushed face
What is Virschow’s triad?
Hypotension, jugular distention and tachycardia
