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Paeds > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which paediatric heart defects present as Acyanotic?

A

Atrial Septal Defect
Ventricular Septal Defect
Combined Atrioventricular Septal Defect

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2
Q

In an Atrial Septal defect, which direction does blood flow?

A

Left to Right

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3
Q

What are the Subtypes of ASD?

A 
Patent Foramen Ovale
Ostium Primum defect
Ostium Secundum defect
Sinus Venous defect
Coronary Sinus defect
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4
Q

What are some risk factors for development of an ASD?

A 
Maternal DM
Maternal Rubella infection
Drug use
Smoking
Congenital syndromes
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5
Q

What are some symptoms of an ASD?

A

Asymptomatic
Tachypnoea
Poor weight gain
Recurrent chest infections

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6
Q

On Auscultation, which murmur may be heard with an ASD?

A

Soft Ejection Systolic murmur

Split S2

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7
Q

How should a suspected cardiac defect be investigated?

A

Echocardiogram

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8
Q

How can a confirmed ASD be managed?

A

Surgical closure if >1cm
Medical management if presents with HF
Monitor if Adult

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9
Q

What are some complications of ASD?

A 
Arrythmia
Pulmonary Hypertension
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Cyanosis
Peripheral Oedema
TIA/Stroke
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10
Q

What is Eisenmenger syndrome?

A

Chronic shunting of blood via a septal defect leads to Pulmonary Hypertension

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11
Q

In a VSD, which direction is blood shunted?

A

Left to Right

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12
Q

What are some risk factors for development of a VSD?

A 
Maternal DM
Rubella
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Maternal PKU
Family history
Congenital - Down Syndrome
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13
Q

How may a small VSD present?

A

Mild/Asymptomatic

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14
Q

How may a moderate VSD present?

A

Sweating
Fatigue
Tachypnoea

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15
Q

How may a large VSD present?

A

SOB
Feeding issues
Cyanosis if develops Eisenmenger’s syndrome

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16
Q

Which murmur may be heard on auscultation of VSD?

A

Pansystolic, Early Systolic murmur

17
Q

What is the recommended immediate management of a VSD?

A

Diuretics
ACEi
Digoxin

18
Q

What is the definitive management for a VSD?

A

Surgical repair

19
Q

What are some potential complications of an untreated VSD?

A 
Heart Failure
Growth Failure
Eisenmenger's Syndrome
Endocarditis
Arrhythmia
Sudden death
20
Q

What is an AVSD?

A

Defect of the AV septum leads to mixing of blood

21
Q

What are some symptoms of an AVSD?

A 
Tachypnoea
Tachycardia
Poor feeding
Sweating
Failure to thrive
22
Q

Which investigations are appropriate for a suspected AVSD?

A

CXR - ?Cardiomegaly

Echocardiogram

23
Q

What are medical management options for a confirmed AVSD?

A

Diuretics
ACEi
Digoxin
Adequate calorie intake

24
Q

What is the definitive management of an AVSD?

A

Surgical repair

25
Q

What are some potential complications of an AVSD?

A 
Failure to thrive
Recurrent LRTIs
Congestive HF
Pulmonary vascular disease
Eisenmenger's
26
Q

What is the most common cause of Cyanosis in a newborn?

A

Transpotision of the Great Vessels

27
Q

With Transposition of the Great Vessels, what must be present in order for the child to survive?

A

Mixing of blood, which can be due to ASD, VSD or a PDA

28
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Transposition of the Great Vessels?

A 
Maternal Age >40
Maternal Diabetes
Maternal Rubella infection
Poor Nutrition
Maternal alcohol consumption
29
Q

What are some symptoms of Transposition of the Great Vessels?

A

Cyanosis within 24h of birth

Signs of congestive HF within 6w

30
Q

What are some of the management options for confirmed Transposition of the Great Vessels?

A

Emergency Prostaglandin infusion
Correct Metabolic acidosis
Emergency Atrial Baloon Septoplasty
Surgical correction

31
Q

What are some potential complications of Transposition of the Great Vessels?

A

Neopulmonary Stenosis
Neoaortic Regurgitation
Neoaortic Root Dilatation
Coronary Artery Disease

32
Q

Which is the most common Congenital Heart defect?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

33
Q

What 4 things are present in Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  1. Pulmonary Stenosis
  2. RV Hypertrophy
  3. VSD
  4. Overriding Aorta
34
Q

How does Tetralogy of Fallot present?

A 
Cyanosis - Lips and Fingertips
Clubbing in fingers and toes
Feeding difficulty
Failure to gain weight
Failure to develop normally
35
Q

What may be seen on a CXR with Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Boot-Shaped Heart

36
Q

How should Tetralogy of Fallot be managed?

A

Surgical closure of the septal defect and enlargement of the RV outflow tract

37
Q

What happens in a “Tet Spell”?

A

Increased O2 demand increases cardiac output thereby giving greater Cyanosis

38
Q

How should a Tet Spell be managed?

A

Promote Vagal maneuvres such as squatting down

Paeds (11 decks)

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