Cardio- The Heart

Question 1

What is the heart surrounded by

Answer 1

• Peri: (around) spiderweb like connective tissue

• Fibrous + serous

Question 2

layers of the heart wall (+ cell types)

Answer 2

• Epi: (above) adipose, blood vessels + connective, start squam
• Myo: cardiac muscle/myocytes
• Endo: (inner layer), lines internal surfaces of heart + vessels, single epithelial cells

Question 3

how does the endocardium meet valve cusp and what are valves made of

Answer 3

Valve cusps are fibroelastic tissue.

• Endocardium lines internal heart walls and extends onto valve cusps

Question 4

what does the myocardium high oxygen demand resulted in structure

Answer 4

• Every myocyte= capillary

Question 5

where are pain sensations carried to and by what from the heart

Answer 5

phrenic nerve > C3-5 dermatones

Question 6

what is a dermatone

Answer 6

area of skin supplied by single nerve

Question 7

explain referred pain

Answer 7

o Referred Pain: pain felt at a location where a nociceptive stimulus is absent
• If does alert brain, brain can’t decipher source (heart, diaphragm, shoulder)
• Cant differentiate b/w sensory fibres of pericardium, diaphragm, C3-5

Question 8

what happens to absorbed blood supply to fibrous pericardiium

Answer 8

o Blood absorbed by inside layer of fib. Peri = serous layer
• Turns blood into fluid
• Fluid layer between fibrous and serous = prevent friction (allowing movement)

Question 9

if heart is shiny, whats still on

Answer 9

epicardium, fat

Question 10

what 3 vessels enter the right atrium

Answer 10

1. Large right blue vessel= superior vena cava
   • (from left/right brachiocephalic veins)
   • Deoxy blood from superior of body
2. Unseen: inferior vena cava
3. Coronary sinus (drains deoxy blood from heart)

Question 11

what does the aorta stem to

Answer 11

1. Left and right coronary arteries
   - Note: Heart feeds itself first (most oxy. blood)
2. Brachiocephalic trunk > splits to
   A. common carotid artery (> internal and external artery)
   B. Subclavian artery

Question 12

movement of blood

Answer 12

vena cava > right atrium > tricusp> right even > pulmonary semi fun > pull arteries > pull veins > left atrium > biceps > left vent > aortic semi lunar > aorta

Question 13

in an anterior view of heart, what do the auricles hug

Answer 13

pulmonary trunk

Question 14

what doe coronary arteries supply

Answer 14

myocardium and epicardium

Question 15

where do coronary arteries originate

Answer 15

• Originate at base of ascending aorta

o Left= very short and then splits into LAD + circumflex (around)

Question 16

in a posterior view of heart, what chamber is most in veiw

Answer 16

left vent

Question 17

what does coronary sinus do

Answer 17

deliver de oxygenated blood from my card to right atrium

Question 18

in an oblique view, difference b/w Ventricle vs Atria

Answer 18

• V= elevations of muscles (trabeculae carneae)
o Converges into papillary muscles that anchor chordae tendeae
o Prevents valves from going into atria and collapsing
• A= receive blood vs V= push out blood
o = A= more flexible (elastic fibres) as need to fill up
• Fibrous pericardium stops heart from exploding
o = V= more muscular

Question 19

how are semilunar vales diff from tri/bi

Answer 19

• SL= moon/cup shaped part of vessel wall itself

* TB= thin (leaflet), + anchors

Question 20

why is atria more white

Answer 20

as have elastic fibres to allow stretch + less blood flow than v + not as much muscle that requires oxygen
o One part smooth
o One part bumpy (pectinate muscles), near auracles

Question 21

what is the indent in the right atria

Answer 21

o Foramum ovale (children)
o Fossa ovali (adult), flap of skin folds over with change in pressure and eventually fuses
• Hole in heart: hasn’t closed over= blue baby

Question 22

where is the septomarginal trabecula and what is it

Answer 22

(moderator band) in right vent
• Function: aids in conduction
• Can be absent, and length and width vary among individuals

Question 23

how to determine which ventricle chamber it is

Answer 23

• # of papillary muscles determines which chamber:• 2= bicuspid (left)
  • 3= tri (right)

Question 24

Differences between: semilunar valve and aorta (inferior view)

Answer 24

• Semi lunar = cup like vs atrovent =puckered

* Aorta (thicker, coronary arteries stem from) vs pulmonary trunk (thinner, usually posterior)