Cardio Pathology

Question 1

…………describes 3 factors that are critically important in the development of venous thrombosis:
…….
…….
……

Answer 1

Virchow triad

1) endothelial damage(surgery)
2) stasis(variose vein) or turbulent blood flow
3) hypercoagulation of the blood(cancer,thrombophilia)

Question 2

What is the common cause of hypercoagulability(virchow triad)?

Answer 2

It is an inherited hypercoagulability caused by mutation in factor 5 called “Leiden V”

This mutation can increase your chance of developing abnormal blood clots

Question 3

What syndrome causes the person to still have tendencies for abnormal thrombosis even if Heparin drugs were taken?

Answer 3

HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA (HIT) SYNDROME; immune mediated adverse drug reaction caused by the emergence of antibodies that activate platelets in the presence of heparin. ردة فعل عكسية للدواء

Question 4

Which syndrome
occurs when your immune system mistakenly creates antibodies that make your blood much more likely to clot. And the result of this syndrome is a **a false-positive serologic test for syphilis

Answer 4

Anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome

Question 5

Which type of thrombi grow in a retrograde direction (opposite) from the point of attachment, and is caused by endothelial injury or turbulence of blood flow?

Answer 5

Arterial thrombi

Question 6

Which type of thrombi extend in the direction of blood flow, and is caused by stasis?

Answer 6

Venous thrombi

Question 7

What are some histologic appearances in thrombosis?

Answer 7

Lamintions (Lines of Zahn)

Question 8

……… thrombi—>propagation—>……. thrombi

Answer 8

Primary thrombi: slow progression and tend to organize

Secondary thrombi: rapid progression and easy to detach

Question 9

platelets contain 2 types of cytoplasmic granules:
1)……….which express the adhesion molecule
P-selectin on their membranes and contain fibrinogen, fibronectin, factors V and VIII, platelet
factor-4 (a heparin-binding chemokine), platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-β
(TGF-β)

2)…….. which contain adenine nucleotides (ADP and ATP), ionized calcium, histamine, serotonin, and epinephrine

Answer 9

1) α granules

2) Dense bodies (δ granules)

Question 10

Trousseau syndrome is an acquired blood clotting disorder(ppl with pancreatic cancer) that results in ……………….. (inflammation of a vein due to a blood clot) in association with an often undiagnosed malignancy.

Answer 10

migratory thrombophlebitis

Question 11

what are the clinical features of Trousseau syndrome?

Answer 11

1) arterial thrombosis
2) venous thrombosis
3) non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis

Question 12

……………….is the
sudden or insidious onset of widespread thrombosis within
the microcirculation. The thrombi are generally microscopic in size, yet so numerous
as to often cause circulatory insufficiency. To complicate matters,
the widespread microvascular thrombosis consumes platelets and coagulation proteins

Answer 12

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (its Acute form is fatal and requires treatment with heavy Heparin)

Question 13

widespread clotting(ischemia)+ depletion of clotting factors(bleeding)= ……….

Answer 13

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Question 14

what is Paradoxical embolism?

Answer 14

an embolus that passes an atrial or ventricular (in heart) defect and enters the system circulation

Question 15

The consequences of embolization in Systemic Thromboembolism depends on ………?

Answer 15

“caliber” infarction

Question 16

petechial rash happens in which type of embolism?

Answer 16

Fat embolism

Question 17

Which type of embolism causes maternal death and is a result of the entry of amniotic fluid (lanugo hair, fat from vernix caseosa{biofilm covering fetus}, squamous cells from fetus skin) into the maternal circulation via tears in the placental membranes and/or uterine vein rupture

Answer 17

Amniotic Fluid
Embolism.

Clinic:
Sudden severe
dyspnea, cyanosis(skin turns blue), and
hypotensive shock,
followed by seizures and coma

Question 18

which type of embolism may cause pulmonary edema and Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Answer 18

amniotic fluid embolism

Question 19

how do air emboli form in scuba divers?

Answer 19

When air is breathed at high pressure
(e.g., during a deep sea dive), increased amounts of gas
(particularly nitrogen) become dissolved in the blood and
tissues. If the diver then ascends (depressurizes) too
rapidly, the nitrogen expands in the tissues and bubbles
out of solution in the blood to form gas emboli, which
cause tissue ischemia

Question 20

A more chronic
form of decompression sickness(form of gas embolism caused by sudden changes in atmospheric pressure) is called ………… in which recurrent or persistent gas emboli in the bones lead to multifocal ischemic necrosis

Answer 20

Caisson disease

Question 21

what are the most common causes of infarction?

Answer 21

arterial thrombosis

embolism

Question 22

identify each type of infarct as red or white infarcts:

1) ……: has arterial insufficiency, not reperfused, and single blood supply.
2) ……..: has venous insufficiency, reperfused(restoration of blood flow), dual blood supply

Answer 22

1) white infarct

2) red infarct

Question 23

why is it rare to have infarction in the liver or lungs?

Answer 23

bcz they have dual blood supply

Question 24

Shock is a state in which ………..cardiac output or reduced
effective circulating blood volume impairs tissue perfusion and
leads to cellular ……….

Answer 24

decreased

hypoxia(oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts)

Question 25

name each type of shock:
1)……results from low cardiac output as a
result of myocardial pump failure.
2)……low cardiac output due to loss of blood or
plasma volume (e.g., resulting from hemorrhage
or fluid loss from severe burns).
3)…..Microbial
infections
It is associated with
severe systemic
inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Answer 25

Cardiologic shock
Hypovolemic shock
Septic shock

Question 26

cardiac output during shock occurs in which of the shock stages?

Answer 26

progressive decompensated shock stage

Question 27

at which stage of the shock do tissue damage occurs and patient may not survive

Answer 27

irreversible stage

Question 28

clinical signs and symptoms of ………… embolism appear after 1 to 3 days after trauma

Answer 28

fat embolism

Question 29

………….. results in excessive clotting and bleeding that
co-exist in the same patient.

Answer 29

disseminated intravascular coagulation