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cardiovascular system > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is the average Hematocrite (packed cell volume) ?

A

45%

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2
Q

what are the ratios of plasma proteins?

A

albumin 60%
globulin 35%
fibrinogen 4%
regulatory proteins <1%

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3
Q

all plasma proteins except gamma globulins (immunoglobulins) are produced in the ……….

A

liver

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4
Q

The formation of blood cells which is known as …………… occurs in the bone marrow.

A

hematopoiesis

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5
Q

The hormone …………… is the primary regulator of
erythropoiesis, and is released from the kidney when O2 concentration
(tension in the renal
parenchyma) is reduced

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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6
Q

The maturation of red cells in the bone marrow requires 2 factors:

A

iron

essential nutrients: folic acid and vitamin B12

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7
Q

In the final stage of differentiation, immature red cells are called
………………, which are characterized by the presence of organelle
remnants.

A

reticulocytes

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8
Q

In Thrombopoiesis, Platelets have the following properties:

A

1)no nucleus
2)extensive cytoskeleton, which allows the shape of a platelet to
change upon activation
3)has secretory granules containing factors that regulate hemoatasis

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9
Q

……………..in the bone marrow form the plateletes

A

megakaryocytes

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10
Q

The rate of platelet formation is regulated by the cytokine ……………….

A

thrombopoietin

TPO

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11
Q

Functions of Blood

A

protection
regulation
transport

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12
Q

What forms hemoglobin A (HbA)?

A

2alpha and 2beta molecules

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13
Q

What forms hemoglobin F (HbF)(for fetus; higher oxygen affinity from mother)?

A

2aplha and 2gamma

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14
Q

In plasma iron must be in which form?

A

Ferric (Fe+3)

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15
Q

In hemoglobin iron must be in which form

A

Ferrous (safe form)

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16
Q

in deoxyhemoglobin, …….. iron configuration: less oxygen affinity
…….. iron configuration: higher oxygen affinity

A

globin units are Tense

globin units are Relaxed

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17
Q

Hemoglobin+ CO2 =……..

Hemoglobin + CO=………

A

Carbaminohempglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin

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18
Q

When blood is being oxidized by drugs, the ferrous iron in the hemoglobin is converted to ferric iron forming ……….

A

Methemoglobin

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19
Q

Give examples for the integral protein and membrane skeleton in the red cell membrane?

A

Integral protein: glycophorin-C (provides stability and shape)
Membrane skeleton: spectrin and ankyrin

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20
Q

which one is more viscous, plasma or blood?

A

blood; bcz of the increased amount of particles

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21
Q

what is the meaning of non-newtonian, which is a property of blood?

A

viscosity doesn’t change w/ blood flow; and the opposite goes for newtonian

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22
Q

what is the difference b/w shear-thinning and shear-thickening?

A

shear-thinning (blood): when flow inc, viscosity dec

shear-thickening: when flow inc, viscosity inc

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23
Q

viscosity is highly dependent on ……….

A

temperature

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24
Q

blood viscosity depends on vessel diameter; capillaries with diameter …………., blood viscosity decreases, why?

A

less than 0.3mm

bcz the RBC no longer touch the vessel wall

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25
Q

water based fluids, such as blood, cannot be ………… This property allows them to transmit power in fluid systems

A

compressed (or get smaller)

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26
Q

static pressure describes pressure on a fluid as a result of ………………………….

A

the fluid being in a container

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27
Q

what is dynamic pressure caused by?

A

kinetic energy of the flow

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28
Q

Static pressure+ Dynamic pressure is called as?

A

stagnation pressure

29
Q

static pressure is the result of ………………..

A

constraining a fluid

30
Q

distribution of applied force over the fluid’s surface, flow moves from …… to …….

A

high to low pressure/ potential energy

31
Q

blood cells begin their lives in the bone marrow from a single type of cell called the ……………

A

pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell

32
Q

…………. is the primary fuel for for RBC

A

glucose

33
Q

……….. protein doesn’t require insulin (Glucose entry into the red cells occurs easily by facilitated diffusion, which is independent of insulin action.)

A

Glut1

34
Q

what is the job of Carbonic anhydrase ?

A

catalizes the rxn b/w water and carbon dioxide. allowing water to carry CO2 in the form of bicarbonate ion

35
Q

These proteins allow red cells to participate in wide range of
functions including antigenic determination and cellular
metabolism.
…………..is the major anion-exchanger (chloride-bicarbonate
exchange) and also regulates metabolic pathways by sequestering
key enzymes like enzymes of glycolytic pathways.

A

Band-3

36
Q

……………..constitute more than 60% of negative surface
charge of red cells; they modulate interaction between red cells
and interaction of red cells to endothelium.

A

Glycophorins

37
Q

…………
is the most abundant skeletal protein and constitutes 75% of the mass of
membrane skeleton.
 is composed of two subunits: α and β. They form flexible rod like structure.
 maintains cellular shape, provide structural support to membrane lipid bilayer
and regulate lateral mobility of integral membrane proteins.
 defect in association of αβ heterodimers results in hereditary elliptocytosis
and poikilocytosis.

A

spectrin

38
Q

………………
(is an asymmetric polar protein that provides primary linkage
between membrane skeleton and lipid bilayer.)
 Disruption of this linkage decreases membrane stability.
(Abnormalities of this protein are the most common causes of hereditary spherocytosis)

A

ankyrin

39
Q

name the type of fragility:
1)Lysis of red cells on exposure to different osmotic solutions is called …………..
2)When red cells pass through capillaries and splenic pulp, their
membrane undergoes mechanical stress:……….

A

1) osmotic fragility

2) mechanical fragility

40
Q

hemoglobin binds to one O2 ………..?

A

molecule, not atom

41
Q

Heme is a porphyrin ring complex that includes one atom of …………….
iron.

A

ferrous

42
Q

O2 binds to ………. part of hemoglobin to form ……….

A

ferrous (Fe+2) to form Oxyhemoglobin

43
Q

hemoglobin+O2=…………

iron+O2=………

A

oxygenation

ferric(damages)

44
Q

The ………….. structure of hemoglobin determines its affinity for
O2 .

A

quaternary

45
Q

CO2 combines with which part of hemoglobin?

A

globin

46
Q

In sulfhemoglobin, the iron is in ……….. state, but oxygen affinity is about …………… than the normal Hb.

A

ferrous

100 times lower

47
Q

which hormonal factor inhibits erythropoiesis?

A

estrogen

48
Q

what is the form of transportation of iron in plasma?

A

(apotransferrin+iron=) Transferrin

49
Q

what is the form of storage of iron?

A

1) Haemosiderin (insoluble form of iron)

2) Ferritin (apoferritin+iron)

50
Q

• non-heme iron structure:
→……………..

• heme iron structure :
→……………

A

Fe+3

Fe+2

51
Q

what is the job of Ferroportin protein

A

→Ferroportin is the major iron export protein located on the cell surface of enterocytes (ferrous form).capable of releasing iron from enterocytes into plasma(ferric form) for transport by transferrin.

→Increases iron levels

52
Q

what is the job of Hepsidine protein

A

→released in response to increase of iron lvl
→inhibits Ferroportin to stop iron to go to plasma
→formed in liver
→if Hepsidine inc. too much , leads to iron deficiency

53
Q

how does excretion of dead RBC works?

A

spleen destroys old RBC and converts Hb to →bilirubin→bile→urine

54
Q

Destruction of red cells in circulation releases Hb into plasma.
→
In plasma, Hb binds with ……………..
→
The Hb-“” complex is transported to liver, where the heme of Hb is converted to iron and biliverdin by heme oxygenase.
→
………. is released

A

haptoglobin

CO

55
Q

Two important changes occur in RBC that make them vulnerable to mechanical
destruction or phagocytosis by macrophages:

A

1)Decreased deformability due to change in shape

2)increased internal viscosity (as occurs
in sickle cell or Hb-C disease), make the red cells vulnerable to lysis while
passing through the splenic pulp.

56
Q

liver stores excess Fe as ………

A

ferritin

57
Q 
Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) is the amount of hemoglobin in a volume
of ..........
A

blood

58
Q

……………… is the ratio of the volume

of red cells to the volume of whole blood.

A

Hematocrit (Hct) or packed cell volume (PCV)

59
Q

Red cell count (RBC) is the number of red cells per ……..(amount) of blood.

A

liter

60
Q

The average size of a red blood cell is described using the …………….., which is the average volume of a single red cell expressed
in femtoliters
it is calculated by dividing the hematocrit by RBC.

A

mean cell volume (MCV)

61
Q

MCV …….fL indicates that red cells are large (macrocytosis).

A

100

62
Q

deficiency in B12 or folic acids causes protein synthesis to continue but without DNA and results in …………

A

macrocytosis

63
Q

what results from low/high mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

Low MHC and MCHC cause pale hypochromic cells.

High MHC and MCHC result in more intensely colored hyperchromic cells.

64
Q

Red cells have the property of rouleaux (piling one on the other)
formation.

The rate at which the red cells fall, is known as the

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

65
Q

what does it indicate if someone has an increases Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?

A

An anemic individual would appear to have an increased ESR.

66
Q

does albumin increase ESR?

A

no

67
Q

does increasing levels of plasma proteins increase ESR?

A

yes

68
Q

what are the 3 factors that affect ESR?

A

1) plasma’s protein compostition
2) erythrocyte size and shape
3) erythrocyte concentration

69
Q

the ………..the erythrocyte concentration, the ………..the ESR
(erythrocyte concentration is indirectly proportional to ESR)

A

higher

lower

cardiovascular system (11 decks)

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