blood Flashcards
what is the average Hematocrite (packed cell volume) ?
45%
what are the ratios of plasma proteins?
albumin 60%
globulin 35%
fibrinogen 4%
regulatory proteins <1%
all plasma proteins except gamma globulins (immunoglobulins) are produced in the ……….
liver
The formation of blood cells which is known as …………… occurs in the bone marrow.
hematopoiesis
The hormone …………… is the primary regulator of
erythropoiesis, and is released from the kidney when O2 concentration
(tension in the renal
parenchyma) is reduced
erythropoietin (EPO)
The maturation of red cells in the bone marrow requires 2 factors:
iron
essential nutrients: folic acid and vitamin B12
In the final stage of differentiation, immature red cells are called
………………, which are characterized by the presence of organelle
remnants.
reticulocytes
In Thrombopoiesis, Platelets have the following properties:
1)no nucleus
2)extensive cytoskeleton, which allows the shape of a platelet to
change upon activation
3)has secretory granules containing factors that regulate hemoatasis
……………..in the bone marrow form the plateletes
megakaryocytes
The rate of platelet formation is regulated by the cytokine ……………….
thrombopoietin
TPO
Functions of Blood
protection
regulation
transport
What forms hemoglobin A (HbA)?
2alpha and 2beta molecules
What forms hemoglobin F (HbF)(for fetus; higher oxygen affinity from mother)?
2aplha and 2gamma
In plasma iron must be in which form?
Ferric (Fe+3)
In hemoglobin iron must be in which form
Ferrous (safe form)
in deoxyhemoglobin, …….. iron configuration: less oxygen affinity
…….. iron configuration: higher oxygen affinity
globin units are Tense
globin units are Relaxed
Hemoglobin+ CO2 =……..
Hemoglobin + CO=………
Carbaminohempglobin
Carboxyhemoglobin
When blood is being oxidized by drugs, the ferrous iron in the hemoglobin is converted to ferric iron forming ……….
Methemoglobin
Give examples for the integral protein and membrane skeleton in the red cell membrane?
Integral protein: glycophorin-C (provides stability and shape)
Membrane skeleton: spectrin and ankyrin
which one is more viscous, plasma or blood?
blood; bcz of the increased amount of particles
what is the meaning of non-newtonian, which is a property of blood?
viscosity doesn’t change w/ blood flow; and the opposite goes for newtonian
what is the difference b/w shear-thinning and shear-thickening?
shear-thinning (blood): when flow inc, viscosity dec
shear-thickening: when flow inc, viscosity inc
viscosity is highly dependent on ……….
temperature
blood viscosity depends on vessel diameter; capillaries with diameter …………., blood viscosity decreases, why?
less than 0.3mm
bcz the RBC no longer touch the vessel wall
water based fluids, such as blood, cannot be ………… This property allows them to transmit power in fluid systems
compressed (or get smaller)
static pressure describes pressure on a fluid as a result of ………………………….
the fluid being in a container
what is dynamic pressure caused by?
kinetic energy of the flow
Static pressure+ Dynamic pressure is called as?
stagnation pressure
static pressure is the result of ………………..
constraining a fluid
distribution of applied force over the fluid’s surface, flow moves from …… to …….
high to low pressure/ potential energy
blood cells begin their lives in the bone marrow from a single type of cell called the ……………
pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
…………. is the primary fuel for for RBC
glucose
……….. protein doesn’t require insulin (Glucose entry into the red cells occurs easily by facilitated diffusion, which is independent of insulin action.)
Glut1
what is the job of Carbonic anhydrase ?
catalizes the rxn b/w water and carbon dioxide. allowing water to carry CO2 in the form of bicarbonate ion
These proteins allow red cells to participate in wide range of
functions including antigenic determination and cellular
metabolism.
…………..is the major anion-exchanger (chloride-bicarbonate
exchange) and also regulates metabolic pathways by sequestering
key enzymes like enzymes of glycolytic pathways.
Band-3
……………..constitute more than 60% of negative surface
charge of red cells; they modulate interaction between red cells
and interaction of red cells to endothelium.
Glycophorins
…………
is the most abundant skeletal protein and constitutes 75% of the mass of
membrane skeleton.
is composed of two subunits: α and β. They form flexible rod like structure.
maintains cellular shape, provide structural support to membrane lipid bilayer
and regulate lateral mobility of integral membrane proteins.
defect in association of αβ heterodimers results in hereditary elliptocytosis
and poikilocytosis.
spectrin
………………
(is an asymmetric polar protein that provides primary linkage
between membrane skeleton and lipid bilayer.)
Disruption of this linkage decreases membrane stability.
(Abnormalities of this protein are the most common causes of hereditary spherocytosis)
ankyrin
name the type of fragility:
1)Lysis of red cells on exposure to different osmotic solutions is called …………..
2)When red cells pass through capillaries and splenic pulp, their
membrane undergoes mechanical stress:……….
1) osmotic fragility
2) mechanical fragility
hemoglobin binds to one O2 ………..?
molecule, not atom
Heme is a porphyrin ring complex that includes one atom of …………….
iron.
ferrous
O2 binds to ………. part of hemoglobin to form ……….
ferrous (Fe+2) to form Oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin+O2=…………
iron+O2=………
oxygenation
ferric(damages)
The ………….. structure of hemoglobin determines its affinity for
O2 .
quaternary
CO2 combines with which part of hemoglobin?
globin
In sulfhemoglobin, the iron is in ……….. state, but oxygen affinity is about …………… than the normal Hb.
ferrous
100 times lower
which hormonal factor inhibits erythropoiesis?
estrogen
what is the form of transportation of iron in plasma?
(apotransferrin+iron=) Transferrin
what is the form of storage of iron?
1) Haemosiderin (insoluble form of iron)
2) Ferritin (apoferritin+iron)
• non-heme iron structure:
→……………..
• heme iron structure :
→……………
Fe+3
Fe+2
what is the job of Ferroportin protein
→Ferroportin is the major iron export protein located on the cell surface of enterocytes (ferrous form).capable of releasing iron from enterocytes into plasma(ferric form) for transport by transferrin.
→Increases iron levels
what is the job of Hepsidine protein
→released in response to increase of iron lvl
→inhibits Ferroportin to stop iron to go to plasma
→formed in liver
→if Hepsidine inc. too much , leads to iron deficiency
how does excretion of dead RBC works?
spleen destroys old RBC and converts Hb to →bilirubin→bile→urine
Destruction of red cells in circulation releases Hb into plasma.
→
In plasma, Hb binds with ……………..
→
The Hb-“” complex is transported to liver, where the heme of Hb is converted to iron and biliverdin by heme oxygenase.
→
………. is released
haptoglobin
CO
Two important changes occur in RBC that make them vulnerable to mechanical
destruction or phagocytosis by macrophages:
1)Decreased deformability due to change in shape
2)increased internal viscosity (as occurs
in sickle cell or Hb-C disease), make the red cells vulnerable to lysis while
passing through the splenic pulp.
liver stores excess Fe as ………
ferritin
Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) is the amount of hemoglobin in a volume of ..........
blood
……………… is the ratio of the volume
of red cells to the volume of whole blood.
Hematocrit (Hct) or packed cell volume (PCV)
Red cell count (RBC) is the number of red cells per ……..(amount) of blood.
liter
The average size of a red blood cell is described using the …………….., which is the average volume of a single red cell expressed
in femtoliters
it is calculated by dividing the hematocrit by RBC.
mean cell volume (MCV)
MCV …….fL indicates that red cells are large (macrocytosis).
100
deficiency in B12 or folic acids causes protein synthesis to continue but without DNA and results in …………
macrocytosis
what results from low/high mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Low MHC and MCHC cause pale hypochromic cells.
High MHC and MCHC result in more intensely colored hyperchromic cells.
Red cells have the property of rouleaux (piling one on the other)
formation.
The rate at which the red cells fall, is known as the
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
what does it indicate if someone has an increases Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)?
An anemic individual would appear to have an increased ESR.
does albumin increase ESR?
no
does increasing levels of plasma proteins increase ESR?
yes
what are the 3 factors that affect ESR?
1) plasma’s protein compostition
2) erythrocyte size and shape
3) erythrocyte concentration
the ………..the erythrocyte concentration, the ………..the ESR
(erythrocyte concentration is indirectly proportional to ESR)
higher
lower
