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cardio meds Flashcards

0
Q

Antagonists

A

inhibit change by blockingreceptors, beta blockers.

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1
Q

Agonists

A

initiate a sequence of changes within a cell

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2
Q

+ Chronotropes

A

speed up the heart

(atropine, dopamine, epinephrine)

It ends in an INE.

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3
Q
  • Chronotropes slow down the heart
A

slow down the heart (metoprolol, diltiazem,verapamil)

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4
Q

Inotropes affect

A

contractility (digoxin is a + inotrope)

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5
Q

Dromotropes affect

A

conduction velocity

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6
Q

Diltiazem is

A

a Ca channel blocker

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7
Q

Diltiazem is a Ca channel blocker,
it causes vasodilation and slows conduction, dromotrope, through the A-V node which decreases HR, -chronotrope, and causesthe heart to contract less strongly, -ionotrope.

A

.

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8
Q

Drugs that work to ↓ myocardial oxygendemand

A
  • Beta-blockers,

* Nitrates, if you have night rades, you need to have a low heart rate to be calm.

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9
Q

Beta-blockers

A

• Antagonists that bind to beta receptor sites
where epinephrine and norepinephrine
usually bind

• Blocks SYMPATHETIC input

• inhibition of stimulation from the adrenal
glands works to ↓ • Antagonists that bind to beta receptor sites
where epinephrine and norepinephrine
usually bind
• Blocks SYMPATHETIC input
• inhibition of stimulation from the adrenal
glands works to ↓ HR, ↓ contractility, ↓ BPand ↓ cardiac output , negative chronotrope, negative ionotrope.

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10
Q

LOLs are

A

Beta blockers

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11
Q

Most beta blockers end in?

A

LOL.

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12
Q

Patients on _________ will have a bluntedresponse to exercise.

A

beta blockers

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13
Q

Two scales to assess exertion.

A

VAS and BORG.

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14
Q

If prescription of beta-blockers are too strong pt will c/o

A

dizziness and low energy

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15
Q

Why is it that If prescription of beta-blockers are too strong pt will c/o?

A

inhibition of stimulation from the adrenal

glands works to ↓ HR, ↓ contractility, ↓ BPand ↓ cardiac output.

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16
Q

Nitrates

A

Are a beta blocker, they vasodilate,
nitroglycerine works selectively on smoothmuscle
• ↓ preload via venodilation, because less blood gets into the right ventricle
• ↓ afterload via arteriodilation
• relaxes coronary artery smooth muscle

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17
Q

Patch (What happens if you cut the patch inhalf so your supply lasts longer?)

A

It may be released faster.

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18
Q

NTG
• Must be stored ________,

  • Should not be exposed to _________
  • Taken PRN* so check __________dates
A

Properly,
Light,
Expiration

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19
Q

NTG: ____ Strikes and You’re Out!

A

3

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20
Q

NTG: 3 Strikes and You’re Out!

How so?

A

Take 1 SLNTG, wait five minutes, if no relief orworsening call 911, this time you actually go to the EX right away, but if…
• Take 1 SLNTG, if symptoms are significantly
improved repeat NTG 2 times more every five minutes up to 3 doses if after 3rd time
symptoms are not totally resolved call 911

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21
Q

Drugs that work to ↑ myocardial oxygen supply

A
  • Thrombolytic agents
  • Blood viscosity regulators: commonly called blood thinners
  • Calcium Channel Blockers
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22
Q

Thrombolytic agents does what?

A

Break down the thrombus.

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23
Q

need to be administered within _________ of

occurrence of ischemia (ST Δs) to be effective

A

Hours

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24
Q

Name me two different thrombolytic agents

A

Streptokinase
And
• TPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

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25
Q

commonly called blood thinners

A

Blood viscosity regulators

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26
Q

Antiplatelet agents

A

↓ platelet adherencereducing risk of thrombus formation

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27
Q

ASA (acetylsalicylic acid) aspirin used prophylactically
Plavix/Clopidogrel
Brilinta/Ticagrelor (NEW)

A

.

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28
Q

Heparin is given through

A

IV

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29
Q

Warfarin/Coumadin is given through…

A

Orally

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30
Q

Dabigatran, Apixaban, Rivaroxiban – (orally)

Require ________ monitoring, and have ________ reversal agent

A

Less INR; No

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31
Q

Warfarin/Coumadin

• Interferes with ability to make _________, lower levels of protein lead to ↓ clotting

A

Vitamin K,

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32
Q

When taking ________, will Need to keep dietary intake of vitamin K steady?

A

Warfarin, because it interfers with the production of vitamin K.

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33
Q

Drawbacks of Warfarin/Coumadin:

A 
– INR needs to be kept in narrow range 
– Req’s frequent monitoring 
– Imperfect compliance leads to risk of clotting orbleeding if levels aren’t closely followed 
– Interacts with lots of foods 
– Interacts with lots of medications
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34
Q

Blood Thinners (New)

A

• Dabigatran/Pradaxa (direct thrombin inhibitor)
• Apixaban/Eliquis (inhibits FXa to↓ thrombin)
• Rivaroxiban/Xarelto (inhibits FXa to↓ thrombin)
(These are all taken orally, they do not have reversal agents and may becontraindicated for pt’s with mech valves or valve dz.)

35
Q

Drawbacks of Newer Agents:

A

– Contraindicated for pts with valve problems
-Contraindicated for pts with artificial valves

New meds interact with thevalves, like when you pour a new chemical into the car, will the valves hold up. WILL THEY?!

36
Q

Who is suseptible to ICH?

A

People on blood thinners

37
Q

Which blood thinner is administered pvia IV?

A

Warfarin which is also known as counadin

The war is farin with International Victories.

38
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nose bleeds

39
Q

Who is at risk for SDH?

A

Blood thinner.

All types of bleeds are usually due to blood thinners.

40
Q

How will you be able to measure quanifiably how thin a person’s blood is?

A

INR

41
Q

Aspirin

A

Acts multiplicatively with other thinners

42
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers work by…

A

preventing smooth muscle contractions within the heart and

blood vessels by keeping Ca from entering cells

43
Q

So if calcium channel blockers do not allow the heart to contract as much because they do not allow calcium to enter the heart so it do not cantract as strongly, then what is calcium channle blockers a good use for?

A

Lowering blood pressure,

44
Q

Calcium channel blockers lower the contractility if the heart, ao that makes them…

A

Ionotropes, and specificaly negative ionotrope as compared to digitoxin that is a positive ionotrope.

45
Q

Drugs that work to alter fluid volume and BP inthe body

A
  • Diuretics
  • Ace inhibitors
  • ARBs Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
46
Q

Diuretics lower the body’s fluid levels thus lowering the blood pressure, how do they lowert he body’s fluid levels?

A

By not allowing the reabsorption of sodium and water, so then the bidy’s fluid levels are less.

47
Q

If there is a lot of fluid unretention from diuretics, then what levels must be properly monitored?

A

Electrolytes

48
Q

What problems cana rise from electrolyte imbalances?

A

Mentation for sure, but for other things… Maybe, let me know what they are…

49
Q

Ace stands for?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

50
Q

Give them an _____ and they will cough in your face.

A

ACE, causes coughing.

51
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

A

Have effects similar to ACE inhibitors• Different mechanism of action

All the ideas of the angiotensin make it that the kidneys do not retain water.

52
Q

ARBs block the binding

A

of angiotensin IIto muscles on blood vessels

Here the angiotensin was actually made, but it just cannot bind.

So you either stop its production or you go and not have it bind.

53
Q

Besides retaing water what else does angiotensin do?

A

Vasoconstricts, so you have mkre blood and smaller vessel diameter, so for sure it increases the blood pressure

54
Q

Drugs that work to increase contractility(positive inotropes)

A
  • Cardiac Glycosides
  • Sympathomimetics, like mimickng the sympathetic.
  • Bipyradines,
55
Q

Cardiac Glycosides increase contractility by

(Positive ionotrope)

A

inhibiting Na pump and increase Ca+ influx to heart

56
Q

Digitalis, Digoxin, “Dige”
• (narrow range between therapeutic and toxicdoses)

An example of?

A

Well, know that digoxin is a medication that increases the heart’s contractility, and so it is a positive ionitrope, and also it sounds alot like toxin, somthe therapuetic range is very small.

57
Q

Sympathomimetics/Pressors• Bind to receptors and

A

mimic epinephrine andnorepinephrine – seen in critical care setting

58
Q

Bipyradines

• Bipyradines: inhibit phosphodiasterase

A

to ↑ intracellular Ca influx, enhances actin –
myosin bond, ↑ CO, ↑ SV, cause vasodilation

Again another example of the calcium increasing.

59
Q

Vasodilators

Examples:

A

Nitroglycerine
Calcium channel blockers, lower the contractility of the heart and also vasodilate, so it lowers BP.
ACE inhibitors and ARBs
Morphine

All of these that lower blood pressure, also cause the vasodilation to lower the blood pressure.

60
Q

Morphine

• In addition to its vasodilation properties:

A
  • reduces anxiety
  • relieves dyspnea

Makes you calm

61
Q

Anti-arrhythmics

A

Anti-arrhythmic drugs suppress abnormal
impulse formation or conduction by alteringcell membrane permeability to specific ions (e.g. Na+ or Ca++)

So dromotropes.

And we see calcium yet again involved not just in the idea of ionotropes as in the calcium channel blockers or the digoxin, but also as a dromotrope to affect the conduction of the heart.

62
Q

Class I anti-arrhythmics

A

inhibits fast sodium channels and depolarization

We did say that arrythmia meds are to affect both calcium and/or sodium.

63
Q

Class II anti-arrhythmics

A

blocks beta receptors at atrioventricular and sinus nodes

Because the beta are two, so, class two is beta blockers.

64
Q

Class III anti-arrhythmics

A

blocks K+ channels – prolongs depolarization

Because the K is a kick and you give three i
Kicks.

65
Q

Class IV anti-arrhythmics

A

blocks Ca+ channels - slows

conduction at atrioventricular and sinus nodes

66
Q

Statins

A

Statins: lipid-lowering drugs to ↓ risk associated with ↑ chol

67
Q

Hypercholesterolemia =

A

> 240 mg/dl

68
Q

HDL deficiency =

A

< 40 mg/dl

69
Q

Statins cause what to the urine?

A

Color changes

70
Q

Statins also csn cause what condition, at rare time?

A

Rhabdomyolysis

71
Q

O2

A
  • Oxygen therapy – combats hypoxemia

* REMEMBER, OXYGEN IS A DRUG

72
Q

Remember to add humidifier (bubbler) if supplemental O2 >________

A

5L

73
Q

Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dL TWICE

A

Indication of diabetes

74
Q

Plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL two hours after a 75 goral glucose load as in a glucose tolerance test

A

Indication of diabetes

75
Q

Symptoms of hyperglycemia and casual plasma glucose≥ 200 mg/dL

A

Indication of diabetes

76
Q 
Glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1C) ≥ 6.5%.  HbA1C 
measures a person's average blood glucose level over the past 2 to 3 months (the test shows the amount of glucose that sticksto the red blood cell, which is proportional to the amount of glucose in the blood)
A

Indication of diabetes

77
Q

Normal: Less than _____
Pre-diabetes: ________
Diabetes: _________

A

5.7%
5.7-6.4%
>6.5%

78
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

BS < 70

79
Q

Common causes of diabetic hypoglycemia include:

A

– Taking too much insulin or diabetes medication
– Not eating enough
– Postponing or skipping a meal or snack
– Increasing exercise or physical activity without eating moreor adjusting medications
– Drinking alcohol

80
Q

Early signs and symptoms of diabetichypoglycemia include:

A 
• Shakiness 
• Dizziness 
• Sweating 
• Hunger 
• Irritability or moodiness
Anxiety or nervousness 
Headache 
• Pounding heartbeat

All the things that you will have when you will be hungry.

81
Q

If early symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia gountreated, can progress to:

A 
• Clumsiness or jerky movements 
• Muscle weakness 
• Difficulty speaking or slurred speech
  Blurry or double vision 
• Drowsiness 
• Confusion 
• Convulsions or seizures 
• Unconsciousness

More severe than just being hungry, but it affects the mind.

82
Q

If hyperglycemia goes untreated, it can cause:

A 
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Toxic acids (ketones) to build up in your blood and urineFruity-smelling breath 
Nausea and vomiting 
Abdominal pain 
Shortness of breath 
Dry mouth 
Weakness 
Confusion 
Coma
83
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

An emergency condition where extremely high

blood glucose levels combined with a severe lack of insulin, result in the breakdown of body fat for energy

84
Q

Signs of DKA are

A

nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, fruity breath odor and rapid breathing

Because there is acid, so you feel nausious and you vomit, the acid, like the acid in your stomach out, and so there will also be stomach pain. And your breath will smell fruity, and to exhale the CO2 to lower the acidosis you will breath rapidly.

85
Q

Immunosuppressive drugs

A

Corticosteroids (especially for transplantpatients)

86
Q

Corticosteroids (especially for transplantpatients)

• Side effects:

A

Edema, moon face, OP, Anemia

Neuro (21 decks)

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